SHHS Unit 3 Community Cohesion Cards

Question 1

4.1 How have attitudes towards the roles of men and women have changed in the UK?

Answer 1

■During the late 19th century women began to campaign to be treated as the equals of men.

■1918 Representation of the People (women over 30 could vote)

■1928 Electoral Reform Act (equal voting rights to women and women allowed to stand as MPs)

■1970 Equal Pay Act

■1975 Sex Discrimination Act (cannot discriminate in employment on grounds of gender).

Question 2

4.1 Why have the attitudes towards the roles of men and women in the UK have changed?

Answer 2

1. During the WW1 & 2 women had to take on jobs done previously by men.
2. The work of the suffragette movement to gain equal voting and equal rights showed men that women would no longer be treated as second class citizens.
3. Social and industrial developments in the 1950s and 60s led to the need for more women workers and for married women to provide a second income.
4. The UN declaration of Human Rights and the development of the Feminist movement put forward a case for equal rights that could not be contradicted.
5. The Labour Governments of 1964-70 and 1974-79 were dedicated to the equal rights campaign and passed the Equal Pay Act and the Sex Discrimination Act.

Question 3

4.2 What is the Catholic attitude towards the role of women in the Church?

Answer 3

1. The Catholic Church teaches that men and women should have equal roles in life and society.
2. Women can study and teach in theological colleges.
3. Women can also be ministers of holy communion, visit the sick, take funerals in certain circumstances and so on.
4. Over half of the lectors and extraordinary ministers in the British Catholic Church are women.
5. However, only the men can be ordained priests.
6. This does not affect the equal status of women. It is because the special function of the priest representing Jesus at the Mass.

Question 4

4.2 Why do Catholics have this attitude towards the role of women in the Church?

Answer 4

1. The creation story in Genesis 1 says that God created male and female at the same time and in his image and therefore of equal status.
2. It is the teaching of the Catholic Catechism that men and women are equal and should have equal rights in life and society.
3. Only men can be priests because the apostles were all men and priests and bishops are successors of the apostles.
4. Only men can be priests because Jesus was a man and the priest represents Jesus in the Mass.

Question 5

4.2 What is the traditional protestant attitude towards the role of women in the Church?

Answer 5

1. Many traditional Protestants teach that men and women have separate and different roles and so cannot have equal rights in religion.
2. It is the role of women to bring up children and run a Christian home.
3. Women should not speak in church and must submit to their husbands.
4. It is the role of men to provide for the family and to lead the family in religion.
5. Men must love their wives as themselves, but only men can be Church leaders and teachers.

Question 6

4.2 Why do traditional protestants have this attitude towards the role of women in the Church?

Answer 6

1. In the Bible, St Paul teaches that women should not teach or speak in church.
2. St Paul also uses the story of Adam and Eve in Genesis to show that men have been given more rights by God because Adam was created first and it was the woman who was led astray by Satan and then led man astray.
3. Although Jesus had women followers, he chose only men as his twelve apostles.
4. It has always been the tradition of the Church that only men should be leaders.

Question 7

4.2 What is the modern protestant attitude towards the role of women in the Church?

Answer 7

1. Many Protestant churches now accept that men and women should have equal rights.
2. They have women ministers and priests (Church of England)

Question 8

4.2 Why do modern protestant have this attitude towards the role of women in the Church?

Answer 8

1. The creation story in Genesis 1 says that God created male and female at the same time in his image and therefore of equal status.
2. In some of his letters, Paul teaches that men and women are equal in Christ.
3. There is evidence from the Gospels that Jesus treated women as his equals, for example:

• He had women disciples who stayed with him at the cross unlike the male disciples who ran away.
• After his resurrection, Jesus appeared first to his women disciples.
• There is some evidence that there were women priests in the early Church.

Question 9

4.3 How is the UK a multi-ethnic society?.

Answer 9

• The UK has always been a mixed society.
• The UK has always believed in human freedom and offered asylum to those suffering persecution.
• In the 19th Century the UK built up an empire around the world. In exchange for being ruled by Britain, citizens of the empire were allowed to settle in the UK

Question 10

4.3 What is racism?

Answer 10

Racism is a type of prejudice that can cause major problems in a multi-ethnic society because of the discrimination it leads to.

Racist people believe the ethnic group to which they belong is superior to all other ethnic groups.

Religiously prejudiced people believe that everyone who does not believe in their religion is wrong.

Question 11

4.3 What are the problems of discrimination and racism?

Answer 11

1. Racially prejudiced employers will not give jobs to certain ethnic groups and religiously prejudiced employers will not give jobs to certain religious groups
2. Prejudiced landlords are likely to refuse accommodation to certain ethnic groups or religions.
3. If teachers are prejudiced against certain groups they will discriminate against them in their teaching and so they do not receive the results they are capable of.
4. Prejudiced police officers could discriminate against people by stopping them when they have no reason to and they could change the way they treat evidence.

Question 12

4.3 What are the effects of discrimination and racism?

Answer 12

1. If certain groups feel they are being treated unfairly by society they will begin to feel alienated and so work against that society
2. Some politicians believe that young black people turn to crime because they feel they will not be able to get a good well-paid job because of racism and discrimination.
3. Some politicians believe that some people have been turning to extremist Islamic groups because they feel they have no chance of success in a prejudiced British society.
4. Racism and discrimination can lead to the rise of groups like the BNP which stir up hatred of different ethnic groups leading to violence.

Question 13

4.3 The benefits of living in a multi-ethnic society

Answer 13

1. There is less likely to be a chance of war because people of different ethnic groups and nationalities will get to know and like each other.
2. More progress will be made in a multi-ethnic society because new people will bring in new ideas and new ways of doing things.
3. Life is more interesting with a much greater variety of food, music, fashion and entertainment.
4. A multi-ethnic society helps people to see that different ethnic groups are all part of the human race and we have more in common than we have differences.

Question 14

4.4 What has the government done to promote community cohesion?

Answer 14

1. Passing the Race Relations Act which makes it unlawful to discriminate against anyone because of race, colour, nationality or to stir up racial hatred.
2. Making Community Cohesion part of the National Curriculum in schools.
3. Passing the Racial and Religious Hatred Act.
4. Establishing the equality and human rights commission which champions equality and human rights for all.
5. Passing the Crime and Disorder Act which allows more severe punishments for offences which involve racial or religious hatred.

Question 15

4.4 Why is community cohesion is important for multi-ethnic and multi-faith societies?

Answer 15

1. Without community cohesion different groups have different ideas about what society should be like and this can lead to violence.
2. The 7th July 2005 London bombers were British citizens who had lost their sense of allegiance to Britain.
3. In countries without community cohesion like Iraq, violence becomes a way of life.
4. Lack of community cohesion makes it impossible for people to co-operate in the way modern civilised living needs.

Question 16

4.5 Why do Catholics try to bring about racial harmony?

Answer 16

1. In the Parable of the Good Samaritan Jesus taught that Christians should love their neighbours and that means people of all races.
2. St Peter had a vision from God telling him not to discriminate because God has no favourites among the races.
3. St Paul taught that all races are equal in Christ since God created all races in his image.
4. The Catholic Church has members from every race. Over 30 per cent of the world if Christian and 70 per cent of Christians are non-white, non-European.
5. There are Catholic cardinals and bishops of every race and colour of skin.
6. The Catholic Church is dedicated to fighting racism in all forms as seen in the teachings of the Catechism.

Question 17

4.6 How does the Catholic Church try to help asylum seekers and immigrant workers?

Answer 17

1. Some parishes provide Masses in other languages so that immigrant workers can maintain their faith and worship.
2. Parishes with a lot of immigrants have set up legal advice clinics to help immigrants cope with the legal issues of settling in the UK.
3. The Catholic Church in the UK set up the Office for Refugee Policy (ORP) which keeps a watch on what is happening and prepares reports on immigration issues for the bishops to help them develop policy and respond to debates.
4. The Catholic Bishops Conference launched ‘Mission of the Church to Migrants in England and Wales’ putting together ways in which parishes can help immigrants.
5. Westminster Cathedral has an annual Migrants Mass

Question 18

4.6 Why does the Catholic Church try to help asylum seekers and immigrant workers?

Answer 18

1. The Bible teaches that God is a God of justice who requires his followers to behave justly and seek justice for everyone. This is taught in the Old Testament.
2. The Catholic Church teaches that no-one should be oppressed and that Christians should seek justice for the oppressed.
3. Through working for justice for the oppressed, Christians show that they love God and their neighbours.
4. Following the golden rule.
5. It is the teachings of Jesus in the Parable of the Good Samaritan and the Parable of the Sheep and Goats to help those who need help or who are less fortunate.
6. Jesus himself was a refugee and asylum seeker when the holy family fled to Egypt to avoid Herod’s slaughter of the innocents.

Question 19

4.7 What are the benefits of living in a multi-faith society?

Answer 19

1. People can learn about other religions and this can help them to see what religions have in common.
2. People from different religions may practise their religion more seriously and this may make people think more about their own religion.
3. People are likely to become a lot more understanding about and respectful of each other’s religions.
4. It may make some people think more about religion as they come across religious ideas they have never thought about before.

Question 20

4.8 What do ALL Christians believe about other religions?

Answer 20

All Christians believe in religious freedom. That is they believe everyone had the rights to follow, or not follow any religion they wish.

Question 21

4.8 What do Inclusive Christians (Catholics) think about other religions?

Answer 21

• Catholics and many other Christians believe that non-Christian religions are searching for God and have some truth but only Christianity has the whole truth.
• They believe that other religions should be respected, and that their followers may get to heaven.

However, they believe Christians have a duty to try to put across the gospel message to people of other religions because they have the full truth.

They believe this because:

1. It is the teaching of the Church in the Catechism.
2. They believe Jesus is the Son of God who shows the true nature of God.
3. The Bible teaches that Christianity reveals the full truth about God. Only Christians are assured of salvation, but other religions such as Judaism can contact God and have the possibility of eternal life.

Question 22

4.8 What do Exclusive Christians (Evangelical Protestants) think about other religions?

Answer 22

• Some feel that although members of other religions must be respected and given the freedom to practise their religion, everyone has the right to conver others.
• They believe Christianity is the only true religions and so they must try to convert everyone to Christianity.

They think this because:

1. They believe that sayings of Jesus such as ‘I am the way the truth and the life, no one comes to the father but through me’ mean only Christians will go to heaven.
2. They think the command of Jesus for people to love their neighbour means that they will want their neighbour to go to heaven and so will want to convert them.
3. They believe the final words of Jesus to his followers ‘therefore go and make disciples of all nations’ mean everyone must be converted to Christianity.

Question 23

4.8 What do Pluralists (Liberal Protestants) think about other religions?

Answer 23

• They believe that all religions are equal and are just different ways of finding God.
• They feel that Christians should respect other religions and work with them to male Britain a more spiritual and holy country.

They have this attitude because:

1. They don’t believe the Bible is the word of God.
2. They see Muslims, Hindus, Jews, Sikhs and Buddhists living good and holy lives in Britain today.
3. They believe God is a force, like gravity, who can be discovered by people in different ways.
4. They feel that the words of Jesus such as ‘In my fathers house are mahy rooms’ mean that there is room in heaven for a variety of religions.

Question 24

4.9 What are the three issues caused by living in a multi-faith society?

Answer 24

Bringing up children, conversion and inter-faith marriages

Question 25

4.9 Why do people think they should convert people in a multi-faith society?

Answer 25

1. Conversion is an issue because the teachings fo religions and the facts of a multi-faith society conflict with each other.
2. Many see it as their right, even their duty to convert everyone to their religion because:
3. They believe that their religion is the one true religion and that all other religions are mistaken.
4. Everyone should go to heaven and the only way for the followers fo other religions to get to heaven is for them to be converted.
5. Their holy books teach them that they should convert non-believers.

Question 26

4.9 Why would conversion cause a problem in a multi-faith society?

Answer 26

1. Many people would say that trying to convert followers of other religions when living in a multi-faith society is a type of prejudice and discrimination.
2. Many people would say that it is impossible to regard all other religions as wrong unless you have studied all of them and compared them to decide which is true. No one trying to convert others has done this.
3. It can lead to arguments and even violence within a multi-faith society when people are told their religion is wrong.

Question 27

4.9 Why does bringing up children cause a problem for a multi-faith society?

Answer 27

1. Most religions encourage parents to ensure that their children are brought up in their religion.
2. Most religions teach that only those who follow their religion will have a good life after death.
3. Social and peer pressures compel parents to exert pressure on their children to remain in the faith to preserve family and cultural traditions.
4. Children educted in state school experience the secular nature of British life and are tempted away from religious lifestyles.

Question 28

4.9 Why would inter-faith marriages cause problems in a multi-faith society?

Answer 28

1. Often there can be no religious wedding ceremony because both couples must be member sof the same religion for a religious wedding ceremony.
2. There is a question of which religion the children of the marriage will be brought up in.
3. There is also the problem of what will happen after death? Will the couple have to be buried in separate parts of the cemetary according to their religion?
4. For the parents and relatives of the couple there is often the feeling that thye have betrayed their roots and family by falling in love with someone from a different religion.

Question 29

4.10 How do religions work to solve the problems caused by inter-faith marriage?

Answer 29

1. Some religious groups are developing ways of helping interfaith marriages:
2. Many Protestant Christian Churches and Liberal or Reform Jewish synagogues have developed special wedding services for mixed faith couples.
3. Some religious leaders have set up a website (www.interfaithmarriage.org.uk) to offer help and advice to couples from different religions.

Question 30

4.10 How do religions work to solve the problems caused by bringing up children?

Answer 30

The problems of bringing up children are being dealt with in different ways:

1. Some Protestant Christian Churches and Liberal or Reform Jewish synagogues encourage mixed faith parents to bring up their children in both faiths.
2. Leaders from the Church of England, Hindu, Sikh, Catholic Christians, Muslim, Jewish and Buddhist faiths have all agreed to teach the main religions practiced in the UK in their schools.

Question 31

4.10 How can working in special groups solve the issues caused by a multi-faith society?

Answer 31

The main way in which religions are trying to promote community cohesion is through working together in special groups:

1. There are national groups such as the Inter Faith Network for the UK.
2. There are also groups in most towns and cities bringing together the different religious groups in an area.
3. There are individual places of worship which work together.

Question 32

4.10 How does discovering similarities between different faiths help the problems caused by a multi-faith society?

Answer 32

The different religions in the UK are beginning to work to promote community cohesion in the following ways:

• Different religions are beginning to work with other religions to discover what is the same in their religion (e.g. Judaism, Christianity and Islam all believe in the prophets Abraham and Moses) and from this work out ways of living together without trying to convert each other.