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English Language A Level > SHHS Linguistic Terminology > Flashcards

SHHS Linguistic Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a declarative?

A

A sentence/utterance which makes a statement

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2
Q

What is an interrogative?

A

A sentence/utterance which asks a question

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3
Q

What is an imperative?

A

A sentence/utterance which gives a command

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4
Q

What is an exclamative?

A

A sentence/utterance which expresses a strong feeling (anger, surprise, shock etc.)

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5
Q

What is a simple sentence?

A

A sentence which contains one main subject, verb, object/complement

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6
Q

What is a compound sentence?

A

Two simple sentences (two main clauses) joined by a co-ordinating conjunction (and, or, but, so)

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7
Q

What is a complex sentence?

A

A sentence which contains at least one main clause and a subordinate clause (MUST contain a subordinating conjunction)

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8
Q

What is a main/independent clause?

A

A group of words that contain a subject and a verb, with one main idea that could stand as a simple sentence

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9
Q

What is a subordinate/dependent clause?

A

A group of words that contain a subject and a verb, and a subordinating conjunction, but relies on a main clause to make sense (doesn’t make sense on its own)

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10
Q

What is a noun phrase?

A

A group of words centred around a noun as the ‘head word’.

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11
Q

What is a verb phrase?

A

A group of words built around a verb as the ‘head word’

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12
Q

What is an adjectival phrase?

A

A group of words built around an adjective as the ‘head word’

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13
Q

What is an adverbial phrase?

A

A group of words built around an adverb as the ‘head word’

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14
Q

What is a noun

A

a naming word

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15
Q

What is proper noun?

A

Name of a person, place, company, day of the week, month of the year etc. First letter always written in upper case

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16
Q

What is a common noun?

A

The generic, non specific name given to an object/animal etc.

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17
Q

What is an abstract noun?

A

The name given to an abstract concept: love, hate, etc.

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18
Q

What is a collective noun?

A

The name given to a group of things/animals/people e.g. ‘a herd of elephants’

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19
Q

What is a first person pronoun?

A

The words a person uses to refer to themselves indirectly: me, I etc.

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20
Q

What is a second person pronoun?

A

The words a person uses to refer to the person they are directly speaking/writing to: you, etc.

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21
Q

What is a third person pronoun?

A

The words a person uses to refer to somebody else indirectly: he, she, it, they, etc.

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22
Q

What is a pre-determiner?

A

Information given before the noun which modifies the noun

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23
Q

What is a post-determiner?

A

Information given after the noun which modifies the noun

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24
Q

What is a tricolon?

A

Grouping of words in threes

25
Q

What is a determiner?

A

A word which determines the number of definiteness of the noun phrase: the/a/an/this/her/which/some/my/enough/every

26
Q

What is a preposition?

A

A word which positions the noun in place or time: at/to/in/on/before/after/over/under/to/towards/by/across/near

27
Q

What are co-ordinating conjunctions?

A

Linking words used to connect two independent clauses: main ones are: and, but, so

28
Q

What are subordinating conjunctions?

A

Linking words used to connect an independent clause to a subordinating clause: however/after/while/until/nevertheless

29
Q

What are verbs?

A

Doing or being words

30
Q

What is an infinitive verb?

A

Verbs in their original form, without inflection: to walk/to run/to shout/to sleep

31
Q

What is an adverb?

A

A word which tells us when, where or how the verb is done (adverbs of time, place, manner)

32
Q

What is a modal verb?

A

A verb which expresses level of possibility: might/could/should/can/will/may

33
Q

What is a dynamic verb?

A

A verb which describes a physical action

34
Q

What is a stative verb?

A

A verb which describes a state of being: ‘to love; to hate’ etc.

35
Q

What is present tense?

A

Writing about the present moment: ‘she hurries home’

36
Q

What is past tense?

A

Writing about a moment in the past: ‘she hurried home’

37
Q

What is future tense?

A

Writing about something that will happen in the future: ‘she will hurry home’

38
Q

What is the active voice?

A

When the subject of the sentence performs the action: ‘the dog bit the man’

39
Q

What is the passive voice?

A

When the subject of the sentence has something acted upon them: ‘the man was bitten by the dog’

40
Q

What is a finite verb?

A

A verb which indicates past/present/future: ‘I went/will go/he goes’

41
Q

What is a non-finite verb?

A

A verb which does not indicate time/tense: ‘going along the street; stretched out on the grass; to see a film’

42
Q

What is alliteration?

A

The repetition of initial consonants for effect: ‘bare, black, brooding’

43
Q

What is assonance?

A

The repetition of vowels for effect: ‘moon, soon, room’

44
Q

What is onomatopoeia?

A

When the word itself matches the sound it describes: ‘crash, bang, clatter, boom’

45
Q

What is accent?

A

The pronunciation pattern of a region, social class or ethnic group

46
Q

What is dialect?

A

A variety of language that is distinguished from other varieties of the same language by the grammatical and lexical choices unique to that region

47
Q

What is the Accommodation theory?

A

The theory that we adapt our speech to accommodate the person we are addressing

48
Q

What is downwards convergence?

A

To downwardly converge is to become less formal in your language choices in order to accommodate the person you are addressing

49
Q

What is upwards convergence?

A

To upwardly converge is to become more formal in your language choices in order to accommodate the person you are addressing

50
Q

What is an adjacency pair?

A

A two part exchange which follows a predictable pattern, e.g. question/answer

51
Q

What is an acronym?

A

The initial letter of each word in phrase is made into a new word, e.g. ‘bogof’ for ‘buy one get one free’

52
Q

What is an initialism?

A

The initial letter of each word in a phrase/title is clustered together to make a new word, but when pronounced, each letter is sounded out: ‘VIP’ for ‘very important person’

53
Q

What are address terms?

A

The various titles we use to address people. Most formal address terms are: ‘Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms, Dr, etc.

54
Q

What is amelioration?

A

A change in the meaning of a word which gives the word a meaning that is more positive: e.g., ‘hellish’ and ‘wicked’ now have positive connotations

55
Q

What is pejoration?

A

A change in the meaning of a word which gives the word a meaning that is negative: e.g. ‘silly’ in middle English used to mean happy and is now used as a criticism

56
Q

What is an anaphoric reference?

A

A word or expression in a text (usually a pronoun) that refers back to another part of the text: ‘Pam went home because she felt sick’

57
Q

What is an archaism?

A

A word or expression that is no longer in use: ‘wench’ ‘knave’

58
Q

What is a blend?

A

A word that has formed as a result of blending two words together, when some letters are omitted in the process

59
Q

What is a compound word?

A

A word that has formed as a result of joining two words together, and no letters are omitted in the process: ‘saucepan’, ‘dishcloth’

English Language A Level (3 decks)

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