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Ethics Clutch > sheesh > Flashcards

sheesh Flashcards

1
Q

Daniel Callahan

A

forst introduce the term bioethics

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2
Q

Van Rensselaer Potter

A

popularized the term bioethics

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3
Q

Deontology (Charlie Dunbar Broad)

A

ethical inquiry regarding duty

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4
Q

Deontological Theories

A

Divine Command Theory
The Golden rule
natural law and natural right theories
non aggression principle
Kantian ethics

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5
Q

Immanuel kant

A

life was centered on duty
morality is a pure philosophy

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6
Q

Philosophy is divisible either on the context
of

A

empeiria or experience
priori demonstration or pure
philosophy

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7
Q

duties are divided into

A

perfect and imperfect

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7
Q

duties are divided into

A

perfect and imperfect

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8
Q

Perfect duty

A

*Is one which must always be observed
regardless of any given circumstance,
like place or time.
*It is a kind of duty that is considered as
“compulsory to do” or one that must be
abstained.
*E.g. duty not to kill, duty not to lie,
duty to keep promises

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9
Q

Imperfect duty

A

Refers to those duties wherein one
promotes or pursues certain actions, like
the welfare of others, or showing
respect, love, compassion and
understanding to others.

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10
Q

two principles of categorical imperative

A

Principle of:
universality
humanity

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11
Q

William David Ross

A

prima facie duties
*1. duties of fidelity (keep promises)
*2. duties of reparation (make amends/apology)
*3. duties of gratitude (give the same favor)
*4. duties of beneficence (do good to others)
*5. duties of nonmaleficence (do no harm)
*6. duties of justice (fair)
*7. duties of self-improvement (improve oneself)

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12
Q

teleology

A

telos - end or purpose
Derives moral obligation from what is considered good or
desirable as an end or purpose to be achieved.
Focus is on the consequences of the act
Consequences of the act: be it happiness or pleasure

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13
Q

St Thomas Aquinas

A

connatural virtues (aristotle) and his supernatural virtues
why a human person performs an act is because the actor wishes to satisfy his/her own need and also the needs of
others.

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14
Q

act to be morally acceptable:

A

1. if it is desirable to us for its own sake
2. if it is sufficient in itself to
satisfy us
3. if it is attainable by the wise
among us
4. if it offers happiness to us

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15
Q

voluntary or willful, they must have the
following conditions as afar as Aquinas is
concerned:

A

1. if the act is in itself overt (externally
manifested)
2. if the agent acts because of a motive
that prompts him/her to act
3. if the agent is responsible for the
consequences of his/her actions.

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16
Q

Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe

A

Consequentialism

17
Q

Consequentialism

A

Refers to those theories which hold
that the consequences of a
particular act form the basis for any
valid moral judgment about the
action”.
In this light, the consequentialist
moralist puts much weight on the
consequences of the act as the
gauge to determine if the act is
right or wrong.

18
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Is an ethical theory that espouses the
concept that if one is happy or pleased
with one’s act, then one is a good
human person.
It upholds the notion that human beings
should act for them to produce the
greatest happiness, or the highest
quantity of pleasure directed towards
the greatest number of recipients

18
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Is an ethical theory that espouses the
concept that if one is happy or pleased
with one’s act, then one is a good
human person.
It upholds the notion that human beings
should act for them to produce the
greatest happiness, or the highest
quantity of pleasure directed towards
the greatest number of recipients

19
Q

There are two divisions of
Utilitarianism

A

a. act (an act that refuses to yield pleasure or happiness is a wrong act)
b. rule

eudaimonistic - happiness
hedonistic - pleasure

20
Q

ARistotle

A

believed that for a person to develop moral character,
personal effort, training and practice must occur.
Intellectual virtue and moral virtue

21
Q

PLATO

A

believed that wisdom is the basic virtue and with it, one can unify all virtues into a whole.
1. Wisdom –arises in the rational soul
2. Courage – spiritual soul
3. Temperance – appetitive soul
4. Justice – observance of duty and
righteousness

22
Q

Compassion

A

This is a trait that combines an
attitude of active regard for another’s
welfare with an imaginative
awareness & an emotional response of
deep sympathy, tenderness &
discomfort at the other’s misfortune or
suffering

23
Q

Discernment

A

Includes the ability to make
judgments & reach decisions without
being unduly influenced by
extraneous considerations, fear or
personal attachments.
- Is an essential component of care. It
is a talent & an ability to understand
what needs to be done for patients.

24
Q

Trustworthiness

A
  • To trust someone is to have a confident
    belief in & reliance upon the ability & moral
    character of another person.
  • Trust entails confidence that another will
    act with the right motives in accord with
    moral norms.
25
Q

Integrity

A
  • By integrity, we mean soundness, reliability,
    wholeness & integration of moral character.
  • An individual with integrity is endowed with
    values that are consistent & constant in
    practice. People with integrity easily win
    friendship & reliance from others.
26
Q

Fidelity

A

Derived from the Latin word “fidelitas”
which means faithfulness.
- Also means faithfulness to one’s
obligations, duties, and responsibilities. It
means accuracy or exact correspondence
with a given condition or quality.

27
Q

Honesty

A

Derived from the Latin word “ honestus”
which means honor.
- As a healthcare provider must pursue
honesty. He/she is supposed to be sincere,
truthful, straightforward, decent, comely,
tidy, open

28
Q

Humility

A

According to G.K. Chesterton, “ Humility
was largely meant as the restraint upon the
arrogance and infinity of the appetite”.
- A humble healthcare provider is one who
ceases to think of his/her own needs as
he/she transcends his attention to the
needs of the patients.

29
Q

Respect

A
  • In many instances, respect is paired with
    fear, giving raise to questions like “ are you
    afraid of the person that is why you respect
    him or do you have respect for the person that
    is why you are afraid of him?”
  • The healthcare provider must earn the
    respect of his/her patients for him/her to
    become a strong catalyst for the healing
    process of the patient
30
Q

Prudence

A

Is one of the cardinal virtues according to St.
Agustine.
- It is defined as an exercise of good judgment,
common sense, and caution in the conduct of
practical matters.
- The healthcare provider exercises wisdom,
discretion and carefulness to avoid
embarrassing and distressing situations

31
Q

Courage

A
  • Defined as “ the quality of mind or spirit
    that enables a person to face difficulty,
    danger, and pain without fear
  • He/she is expected to be bold in undertaking a
    very sensitive job
  • E.g. taking care of the sick requires selfsacrifice and dedication to effect a caring
    presence, attention, and a courageous
    commitment to render healthcare.
32
Q

ETHICAL ANALYSIS AND DECISION MAKING IN NURSING

A

Ethical issues and dilemmas are ever present in healthcare settings
-Ethical dilemma is a moral situation in which a choice has
to be made between two equally undesirable alternatives.

33
Q

Contractarian Ethics

A

anchored on a political philosophy called social contract
-agreement between the ruler and rules

34
Q

John Rawls:

A

justice is elusive to have ( can never be equal , natural lottery)
-variations of religion, race, gender, opportunities, financial standing etc
-denies us of free choice
-COntingent attributes - natural lottery
-bias and prejudiced towards each other

JUSTICE

35
Q

Obligations of a professional

A

-operate under a legal practice act
-code of ethics
-fiduciary relationship (act in the best interest of those they serve)

Professional etiquette
-good practice and good manners

Foundations of Law
-derived from great britain
-Basic sources of modern law:
=Common law: judicial decisions; decisions from past court cases
=Statutory law: legislative bodies
=Administratice law: R&R / decisions from admin agencies

Features of medical contract
1. The contract limits the obligations assumed (do not assume or perform roles of others)
2. Like other professional relationships is based on trust

3 elements of contract
1. COncern
2. knowledge and skill in medicine
3. communication

36
Q

Murphy and Howard propose three models for nursing :

A
  • Bureaucratic (institutional coordination, do not go against physician, rapport of team)
  • The physician advocate (sees nurse as extension of physicial; ICM rejected such role
  • The patient advocate (nurse provides best possible care to patient)
37
Q

Universal Principles

A

-Veracity (honesty)
-Autonomy (respect, pt make independent decisions)
-Beneficence (do good)
-Non maleficence (do no harm)
-Fidelity (faithful to promises)
-Confidentiality
-Justice (right to fair and impartial treatment)

38
Q

Aquinas Natural Law

A

-Eternal law: God’s plan and purpose
-Natural Law: act accdng to reason
-HUman law -reflection created by people

39
Q

Legitimate Cooperation

A

Formal Cooperation: intention and willingness for the evil act; one advices, encourages to do evil act
Material Cooperation: assists another person to do something wrong
>Immediate material cooperation: a person does something morally wrong with another person
>Mediated material cooperation: doesn’t perform the act but agrees with the evil intention

Ethics Clutch (1 decks)

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