sheesh Flashcards
Daniel Callahan
forst introduce the term bioethics
Van Rensselaer Potter
popularized the term bioethics
Deontology (Charlie Dunbar Broad)
ethical inquiry regarding duty
Deontological Theories
Divine Command Theory
The Golden rule
natural law and natural right theories
non aggression principle
Kantian ethics
Immanuel kant
life was centered on duty
morality is a pure philosophy
Philosophy is divisible either on the context
of
empeiria or experience
priori demonstration or pure
philosophy
duties are divided into
perfect and imperfect
duties are divided into
perfect and imperfect
Perfect duty
*Is one which must always be observed
regardless of any given circumstance,
like place or time.
*It is a kind of duty that is considered as
“compulsory to do” or one that must be
abstained.
*E.g. duty not to kill, duty not to lie,
duty to keep promises
Imperfect duty
Refers to those duties wherein one
promotes or pursues certain actions, like
the welfare of others, or showing
respect, love, compassion and
understanding to others.
two principles of categorical imperative
Principle of:
universality
humanity
William David Ross
prima facie duties
*1. duties of fidelity (keep promises)
*2. duties of reparation (make amends/apology)
*3. duties of gratitude (give the same favor)
*4. duties of beneficence (do good to others)
*5. duties of nonmaleficence (do no harm)
*6. duties of justice (fair)
*7. duties of self-improvement (improve oneself)
teleology
telos - end or purpose
Derives moral obligation from what is considered good or
desirable as an end or purpose to be achieved.
Focus is on the consequences of the act
Consequences of the act: be it happiness or pleasure
St Thomas Aquinas
connatural virtues (aristotle) and his supernatural virtues
why a human person performs an act is because the actor wishes to satisfy his/her own need and also the needs of
others.
act to be morally acceptable:
1. if it is desirable to us for its own sake
2. if it is sufficient in itself to
satisfy us
3. if it is attainable by the wise
among us
4. if it offers happiness to us
voluntary or willful, they must have the
following conditions as afar as Aquinas is
concerned:
1. if the act is in itself overt (externally
manifested)
2. if the agent acts because of a motive
that prompts him/her to act
3. if the agent is responsible for the
consequences of his/her actions.
Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe
Consequentialism
Consequentialism
Refers to those theories which hold
that the consequences of a
particular act form the basis for any
valid moral judgment about the
action”.
In this light, the consequentialist
moralist puts much weight on the
consequences of the act as the
gauge to determine if the act is
right or wrong.
Utilitarianism
Is an ethical theory that espouses the
concept that if one is happy or pleased
with one’s act, then one is a good
human person.
It upholds the notion that human beings
should act for them to produce the
greatest happiness, or the highest
quantity of pleasure directed towards
the greatest number of recipients
Utilitarianism
Is an ethical theory that espouses the
concept that if one is happy or pleased
with one’s act, then one is a good
human person.
It upholds the notion that human beings
should act for them to produce the
greatest happiness, or the highest
quantity of pleasure directed towards
the greatest number of recipients
There are two divisions of
Utilitarianism
a. act (an act that refuses to yield pleasure or happiness is a wrong act)
b. rule
eudaimonistic - happiness
hedonistic - pleasure
ARistotle
believed that for a person to develop moral character,
personal effort, training and practice must occur.
Intellectual virtue and moral virtue
PLATO
believed that wisdom is the basic virtue and with it, one can unify all virtues into a whole.
1. Wisdom –arises in the rational soul
2. Courage – spiritual soul
3. Temperance – appetitive soul
4. Justice – observance of duty and
righteousness
Compassion
This is a trait that combines an
attitude of active regard for another’s
welfare with an imaginative
awareness & an emotional response of
deep sympathy, tenderness &
discomfort at the other’s misfortune or
suffering
Discernment
Includes the ability to make
judgments & reach decisions without
being unduly influenced by
extraneous considerations, fear or
personal attachments.
- Is an essential component of care. It
is a talent & an ability to understand
what needs to be done for patients.
Trustworthiness
- To trust someone is to have a confident
belief in & reliance upon the ability & moral
character of another person. - Trust entails confidence that another will
act with the right motives in accord with
moral norms.
Integrity
- By integrity, we mean soundness, reliability,
wholeness & integration of moral character. - An individual with integrity is endowed with
values that are consistent & constant in
practice. People with integrity easily win
friendship & reliance from others.
Fidelity
Derived from the Latin word “fidelitas”
which means faithfulness.
- Also means faithfulness to one’s
obligations, duties, and responsibilities. It
means accuracy or exact correspondence
with a given condition or quality.
Honesty
Derived from the Latin word “ honestus”
which means honor.
- As a healthcare provider must pursue
honesty. He/she is supposed to be sincere,
truthful, straightforward, decent, comely,
tidy, open
Humility
According to G.K. Chesterton, “ Humility
was largely meant as the restraint upon the
arrogance and infinity of the appetite”.
- A humble healthcare provider is one who
ceases to think of his/her own needs as
he/she transcends his attention to the
needs of the patients.
Respect
- In many instances, respect is paired with
fear, giving raise to questions like “ are you
afraid of the person that is why you respect
him or do you have respect for the person that
is why you are afraid of him?” - The healthcare provider must earn the
respect of his/her patients for him/her to
become a strong catalyst for the healing
process of the patient
Prudence
Is one of the cardinal virtues according to St.
Agustine.
- It is defined as an exercise of good judgment,
common sense, and caution in the conduct of
practical matters.
- The healthcare provider exercises wisdom,
discretion and carefulness to avoid
embarrassing and distressing situations
Courage
- Defined as “ the quality of mind or spirit
that enables a person to face difficulty,
danger, and pain without fear - He/she is expected to be bold in undertaking a
very sensitive job - E.g. taking care of the sick requires selfsacrifice and dedication to effect a caring
presence, attention, and a courageous
commitment to render healthcare.
ETHICAL ANALYSIS AND DECISION MAKING IN NURSING
Ethical issues and dilemmas are ever present in healthcare settings
-Ethical dilemma is a moral situation in which a choice has
to be made between two equally undesirable alternatives.
Contractarian Ethics
anchored on a political philosophy called social contract
-agreement between the ruler and rules
John Rawls:
justice is elusive to have ( can never be equal , natural lottery)
-variations of religion, race, gender, opportunities, financial standing etc
-denies us of free choice
-COntingent attributes - natural lottery
-bias and prejudiced towards each other
JUSTICE
Obligations of a professional
-operate under a legal practice act
-code of ethics
-fiduciary relationship (act in the best interest of those they serve)
Professional etiquette
-good practice and good manners
Foundations of Law
-derived from great britain
-Basic sources of modern law:
=Common law: judicial decisions; decisions from past court cases
=Statutory law: legislative bodies
=Administratice law: R&R / decisions from admin agencies
Features of medical contract
1. The contract limits the obligations assumed (do not assume or perform roles of others)
2. Like other professional relationships is based on trust
3 elements of contract
1. COncern
2. knowledge and skill in medicine
3. communication
Murphy and Howard propose three models for nursing :
- Bureaucratic (institutional coordination, do not go against physician, rapport of team)
- The physician advocate (sees nurse as extension of physicial; ICM rejected such role
- The patient advocate (nurse provides best possible care to patient)
Universal Principles
-Veracity (honesty)
-Autonomy (respect, pt make independent decisions)
-Beneficence (do good)
-Non maleficence (do no harm)
-Fidelity (faithful to promises)
-Confidentiality
-Justice (right to fair and impartial treatment)
Aquinas Natural Law
-Eternal law: God’s plan and purpose
-Natural Law: act accdng to reason
-HUman law -reflection created by people
Legitimate Cooperation
Formal Cooperation: intention and willingness for the evil act; one advices, encourages to do evil act
Material Cooperation: assists another person to do something wrong
>Immediate material cooperation: a person does something morally wrong with another person
>Mediated material cooperation: doesn’t perform the act but agrees with the evil intention
