Sheep, Goats, & Poultry Flashcards
What is an Ewe?
Female sheep over 1 year of age.
What is a Ram?
Intact male sheep over 1 year of age.
What is a Wether?
A castrated male sheep.
What is a lamb?
A sheep under 1 year of age.
What is a ram lamb?
A male under 1 year of age.
What is a ewe lamb?
A female under 1 year of age.
What is a flock? What are the other terms?
A group of sheep.
- Trip
- Mob
- Herd
- Band
What is a Doe?
A female goat over 1 year of age. Also referred to as a Nanny.
What is a buck?
Also referred to as a Billy. An intact male over 1 year of age.
What is a Wether?
A castrated male goat.
What is a Kid?
A goat under 1 year of age.
What is a Buckling
Baby male goat
What is a Doeling?
Baby female goat
What is a herd?
Also referred to as a flock or trip, it is a group of goats.
What is butting?
A method of fighting among goats; goats strike each other’s head & horns.
What is lamb?–meat
Meat from sheep under 1 year of age.
What is mutton?
Meat from sheep older than 1 year of age.
What is Cabrito
Meat from goats under 1 year of age.
What is Chevon?
Meat from goats older than 1 year of age.
What is wool?
The fiber that grows instead of hair on the body of a sheep.
What is chamois?
Also referred to as Chammy, it is leather made from sheep or goat skin.
What is Cashmere?
It is the soft undercoat of goats.
What is chevre?
Goat cheese.
What is Feta & ricotta?
Types of sheep cheese.
What is an important part of sheep history?
Sheep was the first food-producing animal to be domesticated in 8000 B.C., goats soon after.
What is range production?
Large number of sheep & large acreage.
- Migratory–located in intermountain states
—-sheep attended by herders, graze on large parcels of unimproved, mountainous land
-Fenced
—-primarily located in Texas, left unattended, graze of fenced acre parcels of land
What is farm flock production?
Occurs in midwestern & eastern states,
- commercial–primarily produce lambs for meat markets in the U.S. or for ethnic market trade
- smaller, more diverse operations with higher production costs than range operations.
What is purebred sheep production?
Small operations specializing in production of purebred breeding stock for commercial producers.
How is the structure of the goat industry different from that of the sheep industry?
No migratory range goat production; large meat goat operations located in Texas similar to fenced range production. Feedlots are not an important feature due to lighter market weights for goats. Processing plants are small & processing also occurs on farms. Caters to a primarily ethnic-based market.
What are the classifications of sheep breeds?
Reproduction:
Ram–generally black-faced sheep selected for growth & superior meat quality of their offspring
Ewe–generally white-faced sheep selected for reproductive efficiency, mothering ability, & fleece weight
Dual purpose–used for meat & wool production & adapted to diverse climates.
Hair sheep–hair fibered coats that do not require shearing, with superior fertility, parasite resistance & adapted to hot climates
Dairy–used for milk production but not very prominent in the United States
What is the classification for goat breeds?
Dairy–used for milk production
Meat–used for meat production
Dual purpose–used for meat & milk production
Fiber–used for fiber production
Pygmy–used for research & as pets, known for superior disease resistance.
What are the types of identification?
Paint branding
Ear tagging
Tattooing
How are goats disbudded, and what are some pros & cons?
Goats are disbudded by holding a hot iron around the horn buds to burn them off. If held too long, brain damage can occur. If not held on long enough, scurs can form.
Pros:
- safety for others in a herd, for people working with goats/sheep
Cons:
- goat horns help regulate body temperature
-protection from predators
What are areas of economic importance in sheep?
Meat Production–lamb growth & prolificacy.
Wool production–wool quality & wool quantity.
What are dominant traits in sheep, and what are recessive traits in sheep?
Dominant–
- hairy fleece
- white wool
-brown eyes
- normal leg length
Recessive
- wooly fleece
- black wool
- blue eyes
- short leg length
What are dominant traits in goats, and what are recessive traits in goats?
Dominant
- white hair
- red boer
- blue eyes
- polled
- wattles
Recessive
- colored hair
- black boer
- brown eyes
- horned
- myotonia
What is the gist of the digestion system in sheeps and goats?
- Both species have dental pad,
- esophageal grooves when they are younger
Ruminant stomach
- Rumen, VFA production
- Omasum, VFA absorption
- Small intestine, VFA absorption
- large intestine
What is the female reproductive anatomy of sheep and goats?
Ovaries=almond shaped; oviducts have the site of fertilization where the isthmus and ampulla connect.
What is the male reproductive anatomy?
Testicles–cryptorchidism is uncommon
Filiform urethral process–sprays cervix with semen
What is the reproductive cycle like?
They are seasonally polyestrous, short day breeders.
Gestation is 143-152 days long–5 months.
What are methods of manipulation in the reproductive cycle?
Ram effect or buck effect–when non-cycling ewes are stimulated to ovulate by sudden introduction of a ram or buck or a ram or buck’s pheromones.
Is freemartin condition possible in sheep/goats?
Freemartin condition is possible in sheep/goats.
What are available reproductive technologies?
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)–eggs are fertilized in vitro
Artificial Insemination (AI)
- Vaginal AI
- Cervical AI
- Trans cervical AI
- Laparoscopic AI
What is Pregnancy Toxemia?
Twin lamb disease–most common in animals with twins or triplets; caused by deficiency of energy & seen in ewes during last few weeks of pregnancy.
Treatment: Emergency C-Section or Oral propylene glycol (glucose supplementation)
What is foot & mouth disease?
Viral infection of cloven hooved animals that survives in milk products, bone marrow, & lymph glands.
No treatment.
Vaccination–specific vaccine for each strain is necessary & annual revaccination is required.
What is Scrapie?
A fatal disease that affects the central nervous system. Caused by a prion; primarily affects black faced breeds of sheep in the United States.
Not currently considered a zoonotic disease although it is speculated that BSE in cattle was caused by cattle eating rendered protein from scrapie infected sheep.
What are the zoonotic diseases?
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)
Contagious Ecthyma
Anthrax
What is Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)?
Caseous lymphadenitis or contagious abscesses; a bacterial infection that commonly affects sheep & goats.
Treatment=isolation of diseased animals.
What is contagious Ecthyma?
Contagious Ecthyma, or Orf or Sore mouth–virus transmitted
Treatment is usually ineffective, but antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections.
Can be transmitted to humans, causing skin sores.
What is Anthrax?
A potentially fatal disease of all warm-blooded animals that is caused by a spore-forming bacterium.
Often animals will not go into rigor mortis after death.
Can be transmitted to humans if exposed to infected animal or its tissue.
What is fowl?
Domesticated bird raised for food or other similar purposes.
What is a clutch?
A group of eggs that are laid together in one nest
What is a brood?
A group of young birds hatched at one time & cared for together.
What is laying?
The expulsion of an egg.
What is a hatching?
The process of a chick leaving the egg.
What is a hatchling?
A newly hatched bird.
What is a rooster or cock?
A male chicken over 1 year of age.
What is a capon?
A castrated male chicken.
What is a hen?
A female chicken over 1 year of age.
What is a chick?
A baby chicken.
What is a Cockerel?
A male chicken under 1 year of age.
What is a pullet?
A female chicken under 1 year of age.
What is a glock?
A group of a single species of poultry.
What is a Broiler?
A 6 to 13 week old chicken used for meat.
What is a fryer?
A young meat-type chicken.
What is a layer?
A hen that produces eggs regularly.
What is a Bantam?
A chicken breed that is half the size of a standard breed.
How was the chicken domesticated?
Through the Red Jungle Fowl of Thailand; domesticated about 4,000 years ago.
The sport of cockfighting influenced the domestication of the chicken & distribution of fowl throughout the world.
What is the history of poultry in America?
1607–chicken brought to the U.S. by settlers of the Jamestown Colony.
In 1844, the incubator was patented.
In 1918, the post office allowed chicks to be mailed.
In 1932, forced molting was introduced.
What is the structure of the broiler industry?
Breeder–> Hatchery–> Growout farm–> processing plant–> further processing plant–> transportation & market
Which state has the highest population of broiler chickens?
Georgia
What are the 2 types of egg-processing facilities?
In-line egg processing facility: egg transported via conveyor belt to the process center where it is washed, inspected, graded, & packed before being placed in a cooler & distributed.
Off-line egg processing facility: the egg is transported via conveyor belt to a cooler, then the egg is transported by refrigerated truck to processing facility where the same steps are performed.
Which state has the most egg production?
Iowa
What are the four types of chicken?
Exhibition
Dual Purpose
Meat
Egg
What is the comb, and what is its purpose, as well as the most commonly seen one?
The comb, found on top of the chicken’s head, is a fleshy growth coming in different varieties.
For thermoregulation or courtship display, the comb houses blood vessels.
There are 8 types, but the single comb is most commonly seen & dubbing refers to the removal of the comb.
Which chicken breed is most commonly seen in the United States?
The Leghorn.
What is a tom or gobbler?
An adult male turkey.
What is a hen?
An adult female turkey.
What is a Poult?
A young domestic turkey.
What is a Jake?
A young male turkey.
What is a Jenny?
A young female turkey.
What is a rafter or gand?
A group of domesticated turkeys?
What is a flock–turkeys?
A group of wild turkeys.
Which state has the highest turkey production?
Minnesota
What is the most widely used domesticated turkey for meat?
Broad Breasted White.
What is a drake?
An adult male duck.
What is a Duck or hen?
An adult female duck.
What is a duckling?
A baby duck
What is a paddling or flock?
A group of ducks, also known as bunch, team, raft, and dover.
What is a Gander?
An adult male goose.
What is a goose, or hen?
An adult female goose.
What is a gosling?
A baby goose.
What is a gaggle or flock?
A group of geese.
Which is the most popular market duck in the United States?
The White Pekin.
Do goose have teeth?
NO, they have thin plate-like structures known as lamellae along the edges of their beak.
Which goose is popular for foie gras?
The Toulouse goose.
What are the dominant and recessive traits of goose?
Dominant:
5 toes, feathered legs, absence of comb, straight tail, frizzled feathers
Recessive:
4 toes, featherless legs, single comb, wry tail, silky feathers
What is the digestive system of the birds like?
Beak–> tongue pushes food into esophagus, saliva–> crop (extension of the esophagus that stores food, pre-gastric, does not digest; crop milk; not all birds have a crop (ostrich, emu, owl))–> Proventriculus, glandular stomach, site of chemical breakdown of food–> ventriculus or gizzard, mechanical stomach, muscular grinding, mixing, & mashing of food with stones or grit–> small intestine–> ceca–>large intestine–>cloaca–>vent
What are the dietary recommendations for layers?
Requires extra calcium & minerals for strong eggshells. Limestone & oyster shells are options.
What is the male reproductive system of poultry like?
Testes–located within the abdominal cavity along the backbone near the kidney.
Papillae, located on the floor of the cloaca & emits sperm into the cloaca of the female (cloacal contact)
Phallus, copulatory organ that allows sperm to be deposited into the everted female cloaca–corkscrew shaped, can occur in water
What is the female reproduction system in poultry like?
Mature female poultry only have one functional ovary (the left one)–less energy & nutrient cost; one oviduct rather than 2 to reduce weight
- egg is released from the ovary & falls into the infundibulum where fertilization by the sperm occurs
Yolk contains fat for energy, some protein & nutrients, as well as genetic information in the blastodisc.
What is molting?
The natural process of replacing old, worn feathers with new, fresh feathers.
Commonly triggered by the decrease in daylight coupled with the end of an egg-laying cycle.
What is the biological process of the egg?
From time of conception to market, 5 months.
What are the industry stages in poultry?
Hatching production
Growing production
What are some value added products at retail?
Case-ready product
Within poultry & swine it is federally prohibited to utilize hormones & steroid, in cattle it is ok.
What is bumblefoot?
Disease acquired when bird’s foot is wounded & the wound becomes infected, often with a bacterium.
What is fowl pox?
A viral disease that commonly affects the comb, wattle, face & eyelids; Treatment: Provide bird with soft food & a warm, dry place to recover.
What is Marek’s Disease?
A highly contagious, easily transmitted viral infection.
No effective treatment & birds are usually culled.
Vaccination of embryos or chicks are possible.
What are the zoonotic diseases in poultry?
Avian Influenza, & new castle disease
What is avian influenza?
‘bird flu,’ a virus which infects domestic & wild poultry
What is newcastle disease?
A contagious, rapidly spreading infection caused by the Newcastle disease virus.
