Shark textbook questions

Question 1

adduction:

Answer 1

Moves a limb inward

Question 2

Abduction:

Answer 2

Moves a limb away from the body, or ventral midline

Question 3

Flexion:

Answer 3

means to bend

Question 4

extension:

Answer 4

straightening a limb

Question 5

Protraction:

Answer 5

sends a part outwards from its base

Question 6

Retraction:

Answer 6

pulls a part back in

Question 7

Depression in terms of jaws:

Answer 7

opening the jaws is called depression or abduction

Question 8

elevation in terms of the jaws?

Answer 8

closing the jaws is called elevation, levation or adduction

Question 9

which side of the trunk is darker in the shark?

Answer 9

dorsal! This is call countershading

Question 10

what covers the muscles?

Answer 10

fascia

Question 11

the axial musculature arises from —— that differentiate from ———

Answer 11

myotomes/somites

Question 12

on the shark the slanted blocks of muscle are ——— seperated from each other by ———

Answer 12

myomeres/myosepta

Question 13

on the shark: the long, horizontal line running from the tail to the head is what?

Answer 13

horizontal septum

Question 14

the horizontal septum divides the body musculature into two regions, which are?

Answer 14

epaxial (above) and hypaxial (below)

Question 15

the epaxial muscles form what?

Answer 15

dorsal longitudinal bundles

Question 16

shark: just below the horizontal septum is what muscle?

Answer 16

lateral longitudinal bundle

Question 17

what muscle bundle is most ventral covering most of the trunk of the shark?

Answer 17

ventral longitudinal bundle

Question 18

the dorsal surface of the fins is covered by ———– and the ventral surface covered by ——— of the fins.

Answer 18

extensors/flexors

Question 19

the massive hemisphere of muscle caudal to the eye in sharks and is one of the first dorsal contrictors is what?

Answer 19

adductor mandibulae

Question 20

what is the muscle anterior to the spiracle?

Answer 20

spiracularis

Question 21

muscle ventral to the surface of the eyeball in the shark?

Answer 21

preorbitalis

Question 22

what muscle on the shark runs on the ventral surface of the throat?

Answer 22

intermadibularis

Question 23

intermandibularis is divided by what?

Answer 23

raphe

Question 24

kind of ventral and caudal to the adductor mandibulae is what muscle in the shark?

Answer 24

levator hyomandibulae

Question 25

Levators 3-8 fuse into a single long, think wedge of muscle called the ———— lying in front of the scpular process between the top of the gill pouches and the dorsal longitudinal bundles

Answer 25

cucullaris

Question 26

how many muscles around the eye of the shark?

Answer 26

6