shaping and chaining Flashcards
is used to teach new behaviors.
successively reinforce (socialpraise/toy/good job!) behaviors that approximate (close to saying/doing) the target behaviors
shaping
successive approximations
REINFORCEMENT
used in shaping to get to the taregt behavior
behavior chains
set of behaviors that are related and depend on each other to produce reinforcement.
chaining
involves directly teaching and reinforcing the steps of a behavior.
-end goal can serve as reinforcement
what is the importance of shaping + chaining
complex behaviors and skills need to be taught one step at a time
prompt
An added antecedent stimulus that brings about a specific behavior. Prompts can be thought of as “hints”.
critical that prompts be faded quickly so the natural “cue”sets the occasion
least-to-most/most-to-least prompting behavior
task analysis
target behaviors are broken down
-used to break down complex tasks into smaller steps
prompt fading
-should occur after the individual can perform the skill with the prompt
the learner can respond to cues or SD (request) independently
Documenting each time a behavior occurs. Must be discrete ( have a clear beginning and end)
Frequency/ event recording
Involves how a behavior occurs. MUST BE DISCRETE
Good to use for behaviors that many go on for different lengths of time on different occasions.
Time behavior began and ended
Duration recording
A new behavior or skill that occurs in the presence of a novel person, place or stimulus not previously associated with teaching.
Generalization
teaching that follows the learner’s lead in a naturally occurring way. incidental teaching g is used to program for generalization and maintenance and promote enhanced speech
Incidental teaching
Applied behavior analysis
the application of the science of learning to socially significant human b behavior
BCBA
board certified behavioral analyst. Requirements for this certification include completing a prescribed number of university Masters level coursework, completing 1500 hours of clinical work under the supervision of a BCBA
teaching strategy used in ABA to acquire new skills. discrete trial is teacher directed and massed trial instruction. highly preferred reinforcers are used to increase the probability of correct responding, and clear, concise contingencies are applied throughout the teaching style
Discrete trial teaching (DTT)
A verbal behavior term that means “request”one of the first verbal skills that is taught.if a learner can request and item, person and/or need the n the request can replace challenging problem behavior
MAND
what is Premack principle
a person will perform a less preferred activity (low probability behavior) to gain access to a more preferred activity (high probability behavior)
-requires motivation for a specific activity to make it a high-p activity. FIRST/THEN rule
EX: first homework/then iPad
What is Preference Assessment (4)
conducted to identify potential reinforcers.
1. Multiple Stimulus without Replacement (MSWO)
2. Multiple Stimulus with Replacement (MSW)
3. Paired Stimulus
4.Single Stimulus
5. free operant observations
Function of Behaviors (4)
understand behavior and why it occurs. reason a behavior continues
Many behaviors occur because the individual gains access to something that is of value to them.
individuals will go to great lengths to escape or avoid things that are unpleasant.
- something tangible
- escape/avoidance
- a sensory experience
- Attention
What is differential reinforcement
we are usually talking about its application to challenging behavior. consists of two parts:
(1) withholding reinforcement for the challenging behavior
(2) providing reinforcement for an appropriate replacement behavior, an incompatible behavior, or absence of the challenging behavior.
what is an instruction
teacher-directed teaching method that uses a step-by-step approach to teaching skills. It is a highly structured and explicit method based on the fundamental principles:
1. all children can learn
2.effective teaching is explicit
3. learning is incremental
4. practice makes perfect
5. feedback is essential
