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SFE: Part 1 -3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Proximate explanation.

A
  • reductionist explanation

- clear, unambiguous story at the levels of genes and molecules

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2
Q

Ultimate explanation

A
  • underlying cause

- complex hypothesis that rests on a series of assumptions

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3
Q

Purpose and selection

A

Planning vs selection.

Ex. Pencil vs ear

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4
Q

Adaptive feature/trait or Adaptation

A

Feature that increases an organisms ability to survivor and pass on its genes

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5
Q

Non-adaptive or neutral trait

A

Lacking in adaptive significance. No benefit or detraction

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6
Q

Maladaptive

A

Trait that reduces fitness
- prominent in changing environment with ecological challenges or opportunities change the fitness consequences of pre-existing characteristics

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7
Q

Tradeoffs

A

Compromise.
Negative relationship between the functions and roles?
Ex. Large-eared jackrabbit
(Thermoregulation vs good hearing)

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8
Q

Life-history traits

A

Concern the timing of life events like maturation and reproduction and the amount of resources that individuals invest in such functions

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9
Q

Principle of allocation

A

Resources invested in one function are unavailable to invest in other functions.
- propositions like “reproduction- survival Tradeoffs” and “size-number Tradeoffs (seeds)”

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10
Q

Evolutionary contraints

A

Reduce the range or kind of adaptation that one might otherwise see
1) Resource-allocation tradeoffs

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11
Q

Comparative method

A

Basic approach of examining how different organisms meet environmental challenges in different ways

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12
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the factors determining the distribution and abundance of organisms

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13
Q

Geographic range

A

Comprises the areas of the planet where the species may be found

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14
Q

Range - limiting factors

A

Climate

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15
Q

RLF - Climate

A

organisms will grow and survive best in places with certain combinations of temperature and precipitation
- tradeoffs - organisms can’t be well adapted to diff environments

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16
Q

Biomes

A
  • Effect of spatial variation?

- Different sets of characteristic organisms in places with different climate

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17
Q

Biome-level variation: Climate

A

1) Places with more precipitation develop:
- vegetation that is taller
- more species-rich and productive
..than with places that are drier
2) Warmer places support bigger and more complex vegetation
3) Seasonality of temperature and precipitation is also important
Ex. area with same rainfall and annual temp differ with winter rains vs summer rains

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18
Q

Biome-level variation: Soil characteristics

A

Soil is critical in:

  • Water availability to organisms
  • the mineral nutrients in contains

[soil influences vegetation; vegetation influences soil]

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19
Q

Soil

A
  • formed by the action of living organisms and geophysical processed on some mineral substrate - “parent material”
  • Contains MINERAL component (some from parent material, some that is imported, some which is altered)
  • Contains ORGANIC component (includes decomposition and waster products of plants and animals)
  • Mixture of inorganic breakdown of products of whatever rock it is derived from and organic matter
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20
Q

‘Parent material

A

A geological subject rather than a ecological
- often bedrock, or sand deposition in are by wind or water
Altered and added to by:
- biological processes
- chemical actions (ex. dissolution and precipitation)

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21
Q

Fertile soil

A

1) offers generous concentrations of dissolved ions of elements that plants need for growth
Most important nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
2) Contain low levels of harmful substances such as toxic ions (ex. Aluminum and Lead)
3) Offer intermediate water availability (depends on texture of soil particle)
- xeric = dry soils
- mesic = intermediate
- hydric = water-saturated
*xeric and hydric require water adaptations

22
Q

Humus

A

Organic matter that is described as so decomposed that its source is no longer recognizable

23
Q

Inorganic material (in soils)

A

Ranges from sand (large particles) and clay (tiny particles)
- Windblown dust = loess
- Water-deposited sediments = alluvium
They hold ions on surface, which are acted upon by rainwater and snowmelt. Depending on pH and temperature, different ions are dissolved or precipitated out.

24
Q

Leaching

A

Dissolved nutrients are carried far down to deep aquifers in the soil, below the reach of plant roots (when rainfall is heavy)

  • produces nutrient-poor soils
  • depends on water-retaining capacity of soil
25
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Water can penetrate soil to moderate depths after a storm, and then be pulled up by plant roots (when rainfall is not heavy)

26
Q

Sources/causes of fresh parent material

A

Glaciers, tectonic uplift, volcanic activity

27
Q

Loams

A

Soil type that contains some sand, some clay and lots of organic matter (helps with mesic quality)

28
Q

Soil development

A

Varies with climate

temperature and precipitation dependent

29
Q

Podsolized soils

A 
Tend to be:
- sandy
- acid
- nitrogen depleted
- poor soil
Soils in cold, northern regions (like conifer forests
30
Q

Lateritic soils

A

Tend to be:

  • ancient
  • red
  • clay-rich
  • heavy in iron and aluminium
  • leached of good nutrients
  • capable of supporting forests
  • poor soil
31
Q

Temperate deciduous forest biome

A

Vegetation:
- tall trees with thin, fragile leaves (last for the summer only and then are shed)
ex. oak, maples, ashes, beeches
Eastern half of North America, most of Europe, much of China and Japan

32
Q

Leaves

A
  • ## ‘organs’ that plants use for energy harvesting and gas exchange
33
Q

Why TDF biome?

A

1) Distinct alternation between warm summers and cold winters with precipitation year-round
2)
Latitude is also factor

34
Q

Savanna

A
  • Environmental gets drier = less deciduous trees and more space = shorter tree canopy and less shade cast - SCATTERED VEGETATION AND PATCHINESS
35
Q

Grassland/Prairies

A

Environment gets drier than savanna

= little trees found

36
Q

Boreal Forest biome

A

North of TDF biome

Broad-leaved deciduous trees are replaced by needle-leaved evergreen conifers (ex. spruce and fir trees)

37
Q

Factors that are key to geographic patterns

A

1) Snow
2) Fire
3)

38
Q

Snow

A

Evergreen conifers are better suited to cold northern regions

39
Q

Fire

A

Pine trees are well-adapted to fire

40
Q

Structure of TDF

A

Shady (with tall trees and canopy)
Photosynthesis takes place high in leafy canopy
Competitive for sunlight = favor tall trait
LIGHT IS LIMITING RESOURCE in this environment
Soil moisture and nutrients are adequate
Possible disturbances:
- fires
- wind or ice storms
- human activity - logging
Little to no understory of plants on forest floor except in open forests where SHRUBS are well-developed

41
Q

Spring ephemerals

A

Small penennial plants on the forest floor.
Competitive trait:
Emerge and produce flowers as soon as snow melts and canopy develops.
Once canopy develops, they stop flowering, shed leaves, and produce sees ASAP and disappear.
They exist as dormant, underground bulbs or roots for the remaining cycle

42
Q

Animals of TDF

A

Animals found in this biome are limited by:

1) Food availability - plant material
2) Physical structure provided by plants

Small animals. (ex. mices, moles, birds)
Insectivorous birds (most are migratory like warblers, arrive during spring for caterpillars on the tree leaves)
Tough insectivores (ex. woodpeckers, that stay during winter and the bark for insects and eggs)
Large mammals (ex. deer which depend on gaps and forest edges for leaves available to earthbound animals)
True hibernators (ground squirrels, groundhogs)
Hibernators (bears, raccoons)
Other animals rely of foraging and live based on yesterdays stores

43
Q

‘Productivity’

A

shorthand for Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Refers to amount of biomass produced annually through plant growth
Mostly in form of wood, or leaves, flowers, fruits (which is easily available to small animals move in tree canopy)

44
Q

Biomass

A

Measured in terms of energy content per unit area per time

typically for TDF 5000kcal/m^2-year?

45
Q

Consequences for TDF biome

A

1) Most of the consumption of living leaf material is by insects rather than vertebrates (ex. caterpillars)
2) Most of leaf material is not actually consumed by living, and is shed in the fall, typically intact
^ Most of biomass then enters food web through decomposition on forest floor

46
Q

Tundra biome

A

…

47
Q

Grasslands biome

A

…

48
Q

Desert biome

A

..

49
Q

Tropical rainforest biome

A

…

50
Q

Tropical deciduous forest biome

A

…

51
Q

Smaller- scale variation

A

…

52
Q

Latitudinal patterns

A

…

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