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CC Group Quiz review > SF Coverage > Flashcards

SF Coverage Flashcards

1
Q

pine cone shaped, attached on midbrain

A

Pineal gland

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2
Q

Pineal Gland

Converts: Serotonin —> _

A

Melatonin

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3
Q

Melatonin =

A

sexual development and sleep/wake cycle

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4
Q

Hormone of Darkness

A

Melatonin

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5
Q

Melatonin: “Hormone of Darkness”

Descriptions:

A

Reduce skin pigmentation
Anti-oxidant along with vitamin C
Controlled by Nerve stimuli

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6
Q

located at the base of the brain

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Source of tropic hormones —> go to other endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Pineal gland is controlled by?

A

Nerve stimuli

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9
Q

Hypothalamus controls ____ by Neurosecretory and Neurostimulation

A

Pituitary gland

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10
Q

Hypothalamus Controls pituitary gland by _ and _

A

Neurosecretory and Neurostimulation

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11
Q

Functions of Hypothalamus
(7)

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Rate & force of heart beat
  • Digestive tract motility
  • Rate and depth of breathing
  • Pleasure, Fear, Rage
  • Body temp
  • Hunger, Satiety, Sleep cycle

(BP, HB, D, Breath, Emotions, BTemp, Hss)

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12
Q

a Tripeptide

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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13
Q

Goes to pituitary gland ➡️ ___ ➡️ ___

A

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) ➡️ T3T4

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14
Q

10 amino acids

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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15
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Released at onset of _ (for sexual development)

A

puberty

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16
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Goes to pituitary gland ➡️ __, __ ➡️ __, __

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone), FSH (Follicule Stimulating Hormone) ➡️ Estrogen, Testosterone

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17
Q

44 amino acids

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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18
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
- Goes to pituitary gland ➡️ __

A

growth hormone

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19
Q

41 amino acids

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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20
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- Acts ➡️ cells ➡️ __ of pituitary gland ➡️ __

A

anterior lobe ➡️ ACTH (adenocorticotropic hormone)

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21
Q

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

A

Somatostatin

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22
Q

Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)
– with 2 active forms, one with __ amino acid and one with __ amino acid

A

14 and 28

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23
Q

Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) INHIBITS ?

A

GH (Growth hormone) and TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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24
Q

Somatostatin
- acts on ___
- also produced in ___ & ___

A
  • Acts on anterior lobe of PG
  • Also produced in PANCREAS & INTESTINE
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25
Q

Hormone derived from tyrosine

A

Dopamine

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26
Q

Dopamine Inhibits release of _ from anterior lobe of PG

A

prolactin

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27
Q

Hypophysis

A

Pituitary Gland

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28
Q

Pituitary gland (Hypophysis) – means to “?”

A

Spit mucus

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29
Q

Pituitary gland is generally for ?

A

growth, metabolism, milk production and pregnancy

(GMMP)

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30
Q

Cells of Pituitary Glands

A

Cells:
Lactotrophs ➡️ prolactin
Somatotrophs ➡️ Growth hormone
Thyrotrophs ➡️ TSH
Corticotrophs ➡️ ACTH
Gonadotrophs ➡️ FSH, LH

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31
Q

2 regions or Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)

A

Neurohypophysis and Adenohypophysis

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32
Q

Neurohypophysis
- storage for __ & __

A

ADH & Oxytocin

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33
Q

Neurohypophysis
- From _ cells of hypothalamus

A

neurosecretory

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34
Q

Thin layer of cells produce Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

A

Intermediate lobe of pars intermedialis

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35
Q

Produce large hormones, more complex than hypothalamus

A

Adenohypophysis

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36
Q

pituitary tumors

A

Hypopituitarism

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37
Q

No pituitary function

A

Panhypopituitarism

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38
Q

Shock of pregnant girl at time of delivery

A

Sheehan’s syndrome (Pituitary ischemia)

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39
Q

with 191 amino acids

A

Growth hormone

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40
Q

Most important for growth & most abundant

A

Growth hormone

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41
Q

Growth hormone Modifiers:

A
  • Exercise, Sleep
  • Arginine
  • Sex steroids
  • alpha-agonist drugs
  • Beta-blockers
  • Hypoglycemia
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42
Q

Growth hormone
- Calcium retention on bones

A
  • Mineralization of bones
  • Protein synthesis, Lipolysis
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43
Q

Growth hormone (Somatotropin) structurally related to

A

PRL and HPL

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44
Q

Excess of GH in Adenohypophysis results to

A

Acromegaly, Gigantism

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45
Q

Overall metabolic effect of GH

A

Conservation of Glucose

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46
Q

gold standard/Confirmatory for Growth Hormone

A

Insulin Tolerance test

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47
Q

2nd confirmatory for Growth Hormone

A

Arginine stimulation test

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48
Q

__ causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Gonadotropins

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49
Q

Gonadotropins (FSH/LH)
- Inhibited by ? ( _ marker of _)

A

Inhibin A (4th marker of Down Syndrome)

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50
Q

Gonadotropins acts on the cells of __ __ to produce __, __, ___

A

Acts on the cells of ovarian follicles to produce Androgens, Estrogens, Progesterone

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51
Q

Decrease Gonadotropins means

A

Sterility

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52
Q

Uses (to evaluate) of Gonadotropin:

A

-Infertility (with other hormones)
-Functioning gonads
-Early/Late puberty
-Menstrual problems
-Menopause

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53
Q

Leutinizing Hormone:
- Girls = ?
- Boys = ?

A

Girls = menstrual cycle and ovulation
Boys = stimulate production of testosterone by leydig cells

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54
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone:
- Girl = ?
- Boys = ?

A
  • Girl = mens & eggs by ovaries
  • Boys = sperm production (constant amount)
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55
Q

Stress hormone

A

Prolactin

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56
Q

Prolactin are produced by

A

Lactotrophs

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57
Q

Prolactin is also for ?

A

For production of breast milk

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58
Q

What time when Prolactin is highest?

A

Highest: 4-8am and 8-10pm

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59
Q

Direct effector

A

Prolactin

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60
Q

TSH Travels to __ then adds __ to produce __

A

Travels to thyroid gland then adds iodine = T3, T4

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61
Q

TSH With 2 monocovalently subunits:

A

 α = 92 amino acid sequence (same w/ LH, FSH, HCG)
 β = with 118 amino acids and specific info to the
binding receptors of hormonal activities

62
Q

Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) “Corticotropin” activates ?

A

Cortisol

63
Q

single chain polypeptide

A

Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

64
Q

Specimen of ACTH

A

NO CONTACT WITH GLASS

65
Q

Peak and Low time for ACTH

A

Peak: 6-8am
Low: 6-11pm

66
Q

Oxytocin is primarily produced in the _ of the hypothalamus.

A

paraventricular nuclei

67
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH/vasopressin) is primarily produced in the __ of the hypothalamus.

A

supraoptic nuclei

68
Q

Oxytocin - For Contraction of uterus

A

Fergusson reflex

69
Q

Oxytocin plays a crucial role in muscle contraction during ?

A

Delivery and Lactation

70
Q

Oxytocin is produced due to:

A

Stimulation of Birth canal (during labor)
Touch receptor of the breast during breast feeding

71
Q

Hormone that is Emotional influence: “Cry of a Hungry baby”

A

Oxytocin

72
Q

Functions and effects of ADH

A

Conserve water and constricts blood vessels

73
Q

Sites of action of ADH

A

Act on DCT and CD of kidneys

74
Q

ADH is Stimulated by:

A

Low BP, Hypovolemia, fright, pain,
nicotine, narcotics, barbiturates and increase plasma osmolality

75
Q

ADH is Inhibited by

A

alcohol, Dilantin, α-agonists

76
Q

ADH maximum

A

> 295mosm/kg

77
Q

ADH Coupled with_ and induce _
insertion in the tubular luminal membrane

A

Adenylate cyclase, aquaporin-2

78
Q

Decrease of ADH results to;

A

Diabetes insipidus (>2L/day urine)

79
Q

ADH def./Hypothalamus

A

Neurogenic

80
Q

Kidney receptors impaired

A

Nephrogenic

81
Q

ADH Increases due to:

A

SIADH – increase ADH without stimuli
- Due to brain injury, trauma, tumors, lung cancer
- Increase water retention, hypo-osmolality,
hyponatremia

82
Q

___ - butterfly shaped, 2 lobes separated by

A

Thyroid gland, Isthmus

83
Q

LARGEST ENDOCRINE GLAND

A

Thyroid Gland

84
Q

Follicular epithelium

A

T3, T4

85
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

Calcitonin

86
Q

Functions of Thyroid Gland

A

produce thyroid hormones, iodine storage

87
Q

Normal Thyroid iodide to plasma iodide ratio

A

25-40:1

88
Q

needed for Hormone synthesis

A

IODINE

89
Q

Iodine:

Intake: __ = hormone secretion deficiency

A

<50ug/day

90
Q

Iodine = ____ - normal function

A

1mg/week (150ug/day) = normal function

91
Q

organized thyroid cells
- absorbs iodine (ring shape)

A

Follicles

92
Q

reservoir of materials for hormone production
(rich in glycoprotein thyroglobulin) surrounded by follicle
- A viscous substance

A

Colloid

93
Q
  • with Tyrosyl groups (rich in tyrosine)
  • Major component of colloid
A

Thyroglobulin

94
Q

Thyroglobulin presence in the blood indicates __

A

Tumor (malignant/benign)

95
Q

Thyroglobulin increases in ?

A

graves disease, thyroiditis and nodular goiter

96
Q

6 steps of Biosynthesis which controlled by TSH

A
  1. Iodide trapping/Uptake
  2. Oxidation
  3. Iodination of tyrosyl residues by TPO
  4. Coupling/Condensation reaction
  5. Thyroglobulin is then moved to the colloid for storage
  6. Exocytosis of colloid droplets
97
Q

Lumen iodide to follicular iodide (ratio)

A

5:1

98
Q

Where does the Iodide trapping/uptake (by Na-iodide symporter) happen?

A

At basal membrane of follicular cells

99
Q

Oxidation
- Conversion of iodide to elemental iodide by __ __ enzyme

A

thyroid peroxidase

100
Q

Iodothyronine formed at optical barrier, follicular cells =

A

Monoiodothyronine & Diiodothyronine

101
Q

(Building blocks) Iodothyronine formed at optical barrier, follicular cells =

A

Monoiodothyronine & Diiodothyronine

102
Q

Coupling/Condensation reaction
T4= _ + _ by TPO

A

DIT + DIT (Diiodothyronine)

103
Q

Coupling/Condensation reaction
T3 = _ + _

A

Monoiodothyronine (MIT) + Diiodothyronine (DIT)

104
Q

Percentage of T4 binding proteins

A

99.95% T4 = Plasma protein, 0.05% = Free

105
Q

TBG = measured by _

A

immunoassay

106
Q

TBG: _% of T4

A

75%

107
Q

TBPA: __-__ % of T4

A

15-20%

108
Q

Affects TBG, T4 Binding

A

Salicylates, phenytoin, penicillin, heparin – affect TBG, T4 binding

109
Q

T3 binding proteins – —% Free

A

0.5%

110
Q

T3 Binding proteins

-TBG: ?%
- TBPA: ?
- TBA: ?!

A
  • TBG: 99.5%
  • TBPA: very low
  • TBA: none!
111
Q

8 Physiologic Actions of Thyroid Gland

A
  1. Basal Metabolic Rate
    - Heat generation
    - Increase BMR
  2. Tissue growth – (with GH & Somatomedin)
    - Normal bone growth, formation & maturation
  3. CNS development – dependent on TH in prenatal period
  4. ANS
  5. CV & Respiratory Systems
    - Control oxygen consumption
    - Ensure oxygen delivery to tissue
  6. GIT – increase motility, secretion, absorption
  7. Skin – increase heat production, sweating
  8. Lactogenesis
112
Q

Enzyme for for deiodination

A

Iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase

113
Q

deiodinase

for T3 circulation (most abundant)
- Found in liver and kidney

A

Type 1

114
Q

deiodinase

found in brain, maintains T3 levels in CNS

A

Type 2

115
Q

Thyroid Gland (Metabolism and Secretion)

__ (major) secretory hormone - from direct TG secretion (6-7 days)

A

T4

116
Q

Ratio T4:T3 in blood

A

20:1

117
Q

_ deiodination: T4 accounts _% of plasma T3

A

Extrathyrodial, 80%

118
Q

Site of deiodinate T4

A

Liver/Kidney

119
Q

Apart from liver and kidney, where do T4 converts to T3/rT3?

A

Peripheral tissue

120
Q

3rd major circulating thyroid hormone

A

rT3

121
Q

__ ?

  • Elevated in patients with Euthyroid sick syndrome
  • Used to assess borderline or conflicting laboratory results
A

rT3

122
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

LOW TH =
INCREASE T3, T4 =

A

Low TH = increase TRH & TSH
Increase T3, T4 = decrease TRH & TSH

123
Q

TH metabolized by ?

A

deiodination,
deamination,
conjugation (by glucoronic acid)

124
Q

4 Isoforms of T3 receptors:

A

α1 - present in most tissues
α2 – inhibitory of thyroid hormones
β1 – works with α1
β2 – in pituitary, for negative feedback

125
Q

TH Serum iodide:
High =
Low =

A

High = transport inhibited, high DIT, T4
Low = more absorbed, high MIT, T3

126
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) known as ?

A

3, 5, 3’ TriIodothyronine

127
Q

With most hormonal activity in TH

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

128
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) for diagnosing “?”

A

T3 thyrotoxicosis

129
Q

T3 is indicator of recovery or recurrence of ?

A

Hyperthyroidism (low in cord blood)

130
Q

T3 is Measured by

A

competitive immunoassay

131
Q

physiologically active form of T3

A

FT3

132
Q

Mostly produce in TH

A

Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

133
Q
  • Principal secretory product
  • MAJOR fraction of Organic iodine
  • Prohormone of T3
A

Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

134
Q

indicator of thyroid secretory rate

A

Serum T4

135
Q

Associated Disease:

increase T3 and T4, decrease TAG level

A

Hyperthyroidism

136
Q

HYPERTHYROIDISM– increase T3 and T4, decrease TAG level

Signs and symptoms:

A
  • Heat intolerance (increase sweating)
  • Emotionally labile
  • Tachycardia
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Tremors, restlessness, hyperkinesis, anxiety, irritability
  • With diarrhea and increase appetite
137
Q

Primary Hyperthyroidism
Increases ?
Decreases ?
Normal ?

A

increase T3,T4, FT4, rT3;
decrease TSH,
normal TBG

138
Q

Secondary Hyperthyroidism
Increases

A

increase T3, T4, and TSH

139
Q

DISEASE :
- with diffuse toxic goiter
- most common, autoimmune
- 6x more common in girls
- Due to circulating antibodies to TSH receptor
- With Exophthalmos and Pritibial Myxedema

A

Grave’s Disease

140
Q

Test for Grave’s disease

A

TSH receptor antibody test

141
Q

thyroid is woody/stony hard mass

A

Riedel’s thyroiditis

142
Q
  • low TSH, normal FT3 & FT4
  • without symptoms
A

Subclinical Hyperthyroidism

143
Q
  • painful thyroiditis
  • TPO antibody is absent
  • Increase Thyroglobulin and ESR
A

Subacute granulomatous

144
Q

decrease T3 and T4, increase TAG level

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

145
Q

HYPOTHYROIDISM Signs and Symptoms :

A
  • Cold intolerance (decrease sweating)
  • Bradychardia, Fatigue
  • Dryness of skin
  • Unexplained weight gain, dyspnea, hair loss
  • Mental dullness, muscle weakness, constipation
  • Yellow discoloration of skin (hypercarotenemia)
  • Decrease Na+, increase CK
146
Q

Severe signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A

Pleural and Peritoneal effusions, irregular mens,
periorbital edema, myopathy, anemia

147
Q

? – “chronic autoimmune thyroiditis”
- “Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis”
- Common cause of primary hypothyroidism
- Thyroid is replaced by nest of lymphoid tissue
sensitized T-cells bind to cell membrane causing
cell Lysis and inflammatory reaction
- With Goiter

A

Hashimoto’s disease

148
Q

Disease

  • peculiar nonpitting swelling of skin. Skin infiltrated by mucopolysaccharide
  • “puffy face” (moon face)
  • Weight gain, slow speech
  • Thin eyebrows, dry yellow skin
A

Myxedema

149
Q
  • Development/functional defect of gland
  • Retarded child
A

Congenital hypothyroidism

150
Q

(Non-thyroidal illness)
- Acutely ill but w/o thyroid disease (low TSH =
acute)
- Low T3 and T4, Normal to high TSH, high rT3
- Abnormal TBG

A

Euthyroid Sick syndrome

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