Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Womens Health > Sexually Transmitted Infections > Flashcards

Sexually Transmitted Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Growing Concern

A
  • Direct cause of human suffering and costs hundreds of millions of dollar to treat
  • STI’s are the most common health problem in the US
  • US surgeon general has targeted STI’s as a priority for prevention and control efforts!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prevention

A
  • Prevention is critical!
  • Prevention requires changes in behavior
  • Education should include specific actions to avoid acquiring or transmitting STI’s - Tailored to the specific client with attention given to HER risk factors
  • Absolute protection: abstinence or monogamous relationship with uninfected partner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Safer Sex Practices

A
  • KNOW YOUR PARTNER
  • Use condoms when not sure about partners history
  • Know the difference between low risk and high risk behaviors
  • Practice the conversation
  • Know that sexual transmission occurs through direct skin or mucous membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bacterial STIs ~Chlamydia

A
  • Most common and fastest spreading
  • Silent but highly destructive
  • Acute Salpingitis (ectopic pregnancy risk)
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
  • Increases risk of contracting HIV infection because of cervical ulcerations
  • Reportable STI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Implications for pregnancy

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Early or late pregnancy loss
  • Stillborn
  • Premature labor
  • Postpartum endometritis
  • Newborns
  • Infants may develop conjunctivitis or pneumonia
  • Most common cause of opthalmia neonatorum
  • Prevention???
  • Pre-term birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Screening and Management: Chlamydia

A
  • Screening is expensive
  • Cervical culture at first prenatal visit and may repeart at 36 weeks
  • Symptoms usually asymptomatic- could have spotting, purulent cervical discharge or dysuria

Management:

  • Erythromycin or amoxicillin for 7 days if pregnant- should be retested but not done
  • Azithromycin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bacterial STI’s - Gonorrrhea

A
  • Almost exclusively transmitted by sexual contact
  • Transmitted to the newborn in the form of opthalmia neonatorum
  • Highest incidence: teens, young adults and African Americans
  • Highly contagious- reportable communicable disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Symptoms of Gonorrhea

A
  • Women often asymptomatic
  • May have minimal purulent endocervical discharge
  • Menstrual irregularities- longer and more painful
  • May have pain- chronic or acute severe pelvic or lower abdominal pain
  • Diffuse vaginitis with vulvitis- most common in prepubertal girls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Implications for Pregnancy

A

Pregnancy

  • Miscarrage
  • PROM
  • Preterm labor
  • Chorioamnionitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Implications for Newborn

A

Newborn

  • Opthalmia neonatorum
  • Prevention
  • Neonatal sepsis
  • Pre-term birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Screening and Management

A

Screening

  • CDC recommendations- all women
  • Pregnancy- screen at first visit; re-screen at 36 weeks if positive/risky behavior
  • Culture endocervix, rectum, pharynx
  • Co-infection common: Chlamydia & Syphillis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Management: of Gonorrhea

A

Management

  • Single Dose- cefixime (supra) or ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
  • Most treatment failures are from re-infection
  • Treat all sexual partners
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bacterial STI’s ~ Syphillis

A
  • Transmission through microscopic breaks in sub-cutaneous tissue, kissing, bitting, oral genital sex
  • Transmitted to fetus via trans-placental tranmission - anytime during pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Implications for pregnancy: Syphillis

A

Pregnancy:

  • Preterm labor
  • Miscarriage

Newborn

  • Stillbirth
  • Congenital infection
  • Blindness, deafness, deformity of the face and neurological problems
  • Much worse than if tranmission occurs at birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms of Syphillis

A
  • Can lead to serious systemic disease- including death
  • Three distinct stages
  • –Primary
  • –Secondary
  • –Teritiary
  • Reportable communicable disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Primary Stage

A
  • 5-90 days after infected

- Chancre appears at the spot where syphillis entered the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Secondary Stage

A
  • Secondary
  • 6 weeks - 6 months
  • Chondylomata lata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tertiary Stage

A
  • 3-10 years after initial infection
  • Solitary granulomatous lesions (gummas) found on the skin, in the mouth and throat or occur in bone. Skin lesions may be painless but gummas in long bones cause a deep boring pain that is worse at night
  • Brain involvement (neurosphyillis)
  • Spinal cord disease
  • Other internal organs such as the heart, blood vessels, eyes, liver and blood may be damaged by infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Screening and Managment of Syphillis

A

Pregnant Women

  • First prenatal visit and third trimester
  • Culture lesions or serology
  • VDRL
  • RPR (rapid plasma reagin)
  • If positive will have confirmative test

Management:

  • Penicillin !!!!
  • Desensitize if allergic to PCN and Pregnant
  • Monthly follow up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A
  • Infectious Process
  • Fallopian tubes (salpingitis)
  • Uterus (endometritis)
  • Ovaries and perineal surfaces (rare)

Caused by multiple organisms:

  • most common is Chlamydia and gonorrhea
  • Can be acute, sub accute, chronic

Most commonly occurs at end of menses, after miscarriage, abortion, pelvic surgery or childbirth - bc during this time the cervix is open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Risk factors for PID

A
  • Young, nulliparity, multiple partners, history of STI’s, and use of IUD
  • PID may lead to: ectopic pregnancies, infertility, chronic pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Symptoms:

A
  • Pain
  • Subacute: dull, cramping, intermittent
  • Acute: severe, persistent, incapaciting
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Chandelier sign
  • Bilateral pelvic tenderness
  • Possible: fever, purulent cervical or urethral discharge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Screening & Managment

A

History and physical assessment
- Rule out appendicitis and endometriosis

Criteria for diagnosing PID:
-Temperature greater than 38.3 C, abnormal discharge, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and lab documentation of cervical infection

24
Q

Management

A
  • Treatment varies with infecting organism-broad spectrum antibiotic used
  • Those with acute infection- bedrest in semi-fowlers positon in hospital
  • Primary prevention preferred!!! Secondary aimed at preventing upward spread of infection from lower gential tract!!!
25
Q

Viral STI’s: Human Papillomavirus

A
  • Most common viral STI
  • More than 30 serotypes
  • Genital warts - lesions flesh colored- usually painless
  • Most common in pregnancy

May enlarge in pregnancy (immunosuppression)
May deliver vaginally
Newborn may aquire infection

26
Q

Screening and Diagnosis

A

Symptoms: Vaginal discharge, itching, dyspareunia, postcoital bleeding

  • Visulization of lesions
  • Differentiate from 2 degree syphillis (condylamata lata are flatter and wider )
  • History and Physical
  • Pap test screens for HPV that are likely to cause cancer
  • Only definitive diagnosis- biopsy
27
Q

Implications for Pregnancy

A
  • Dystocia from large lesions
  • Excessive bleeding from lesions after birth trauma

Newborns

  • Respiratory papillomatosis (rare)
  • Warts in the throat
  • Pre-term birth
28
Q

Management

A
  • May resolve on own with healthy immune system
  • Goal of treatment- Removal of warts and relief of symptoms
  • Creams, solutions, cryotherapy
  • No therapy has been shown to eradicate HPV
  • Comfort measures: bathe in oatmeal solution- keep area clean and dry- cotton underwear- loose fitting clothing- healthy life style to aid immune system
29
Q

Prevention

A
  • Vaccine- Gardasil
  • Recommendation for girls 9 to 26
  • Series of 3 vaccinations over 6 months
  • Protects against 4 types of HPV- two that cause 75% of cervical cancer
  • In boys the vaccine can give 90% protection against genital warts
30
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus

A
  • Results in PAINFUL, recurrent genital ulcers
  • Caused by herpes simplex virus 1 & 2
  • Initial HSV Genital infection
  • Multiple painful lesions- fever, chills, maliase,- severe dysuria (2-3)
  • Prodromal genital tingling is common
  • Transmission: skin to skin contact
  • Can become infected when no visible lesions are present
31
Q

Pregnancy and HSV

A
  • Primary infections during first trimester may result in miscarriage
  • Most severe complication is neonatal herpes -potentially fatal or severely disabling - systemic infection
  • Highest risk is women with primary herpes near term
32
Q

Fetus Newborn implications with HSV

A

Transmission

  • intrauterine (rare)
  • During delivery
  • Postpartum (contact with mouth sores)

Intrauterine herpes and herpes acquired shortly after birth can cause:

  • chorioretinitis
  • severe brain damage
  • Skin lesions

Infants with systemic herpes often to poorly despite medications

33
Q

Screening and Management

A
  • History and Physical
  • Swab exudate in vesicular stage
  • Blood tests will determine antibody formation only!

Management: NO CURE

  • First outbreak is worse
  • No maternal antibodies to help fetus fight infection
  • Systemic antiviral meds partially control the symptoms
  • Comfort measures: warm baths with oatmeal, anaglesics, loose clothing
34
Q

Prevention of Recurrent Episodes

A
  • Diet rich in vitamin C, B-complex vitamins, zinc and calcium
  • Know precipitating factors
  • Stress reduction
  • Avoid excess heat or sun
  • Start medication (acyclovir or valtrex) with first symptom- tingling, burning, blister….
  • Pregnancy prophylaxis (last month)
35
Q

Prevention of Tranmission

A

-No intercourse when lesions present until have crusted over
-Do not share towels, soaps, etc…
-Condoms
-Neonatal transmission
Ceasaren birth if lesions are present
Infants delivered through infected vagina should be cultured and watched
- Congenital HSV- reportable in ohio

36
Q

Viral Hepatitis - HEP B

A
  • Most threatening virus to fetus and neonate
  • Screening is based on testing for antigens like HBsAg
  • Found in blood, salivia, sweat, tears, vaginal secretions, and semen
37
Q

Screening

A

-Recommended for ALL women on first prenatal visit
-Repeated later in pregnancy for high risk
-Serum test for presence of antigens and antibodies
—- Positive HBsAg
—-can be transmitted
Window phase

38
Q

Management

A
  • No specific treatment- recovery usually spontaneous (3-16 weeks)
  • Bed rest, high protein, low fat diet, increase fluids, avoid medications metabolized in the liver and alcohol
  • Vaccination!- series of 3 over 6 months
  • Pregnant women with definite exposure- hepatitis B immune globulin and being vaccination series
39
Q

Newborns with HEP B

A

If mom tests positive for HBsAg

  • Newborn recieves hepatitis B immune globulin within 12 hours
  • Newborn begins series of vaccinations right away
  • Reportable
40
Q

HIV

A

Heterosexual transmission- most common in women
Transmission occurs through exchange of body fluids
Once infected, seroconversion to HIV positivly usually occurs within 6-12 weeks
-usually looks like influenza type response
-Tranmission from mother to child CAN occur
-maternal circulation (pregnancy)
-Ingestion of maternal blood (delivery)
-Breast milk

41
Q

Pregnancy

A
  • Avaliable treatments can reduce likelihood of perinatal transmission and maintain health of woman
  • ACOG and CDC recommend HIV testing become standard and retesting in third trimester for high risk women
  • Eventually rapid-testing will be ordered for laboring women so treatment can begin immediatley!
  • Reportable !
42
Q

Perinatal tranmission

A
  • Decreased dramatically because of administration of antiretrovirals to pregnant women in prenatal and perinatal periods
  • During pregnancy- tranmission at 1-2% because of treatment with HAART regardless of CD4 counts
43
Q

HIV

A
  • Cesearan Birth and no breastfeeding !
  • ACOG Guidelines
  • Maternal implications depending on CD4 counts!!!
44
Q

Mother to child transmisson

A
  • Via placenta - 5 to 10
  • During L and D - 10- 20
  • Breastfeeding - 10-20%
45
Q

After Delivery

A
  • All hospitals should have intravenous zidovudine for the mother and zidovudine suspension for the newborn
  • The newborn will need to be treated with antiretroviral drugs within 8-12 hours after birth and for six weeks
  • Certain situations present an increased risk of transmission and can require more complex drug regimens
  • prolonged rupture of membranes, a mother who has not recieved antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy, and mothers with unknown or suspected antiretroviral drug resistance
46
Q

Vaginal Infections: Bacterial Vaginitis

A
  • Associated with preterm labor and birth
  • Fishy odor, vaginal discharge, and itching
  • Presence of clue cells
  • Wiff test (KOH)
  • May cause premature labor and delivery
  • Treated with flagyl
  • — if breastfeeding - pump and discard until 48-72 hours after last dose
47
Q

Candidiasis (yeast infection):

A

Predisposing Factors:

  • Antibiotics
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Immunosuppression

Itching is a common symptom
-thick, white, clumpy cottage cheese like discharge
Treated with anti-fungal medications
Lotriman or Monistat - no tampons or sex

48
Q

Trichonmoniasis

A 
Almost always sexually transmitted 
May be asymptomatic 
- some have yellow green discharge 
-Malodorous discharge 
-Itching and irritation 
-Dysuria and dyspareunia often present 
-Cervix may bleed with irriation 
-Diagnosed on wet prep with saline 
-Check for other STIs

Treat with Flagyl
Treat partner

49
Q

Group B Streptococcus

A

Part of normal flora in women
has been associated with poor pregnancy outcomes
-usually resulting from vertical transmission from birth canal of infected mother to infant during birth
-Screen all women at 36 weeks gestation
-Positve- treat with intravenous antibiotics in labor-Penicillin !!!!

50
Q

Treat in labor?

A

Yes

  • have a positive culture test result during this pregnancy
  • GBS status is not known and the following occur:
  • go into labor at less than 37 weeks
  • water breaks 18 hours or more before delivery
  • Have a fever during labor
51
Q

Treat in labor?

A

NO

  • a planned cesarean delivery done before labor starts or water breaks
  • have a negative GBS culture test result during this pregnancy
  • GBS status unknown and no risk factors present
  • CBC and blood cultures for newborn
  • Newborn implications
52
Q

Careful monitoring of newborn

A

Early Onset

  • occurs in first 7 days- usually first 6 hours after birth
  • Sepsis- meningitis- pneumonia

Late Onset

  • can be caused by transmission at birth or from other people
  • occurs after the first 7 days of life
  • Meninigitis or pneumonia
  • Reportable if occurs in newborn less than 3 months of age
53
Q

TORCH

A
  • Caused by group of organisms capable of crossing the placenta and affecting fetal development
  • Generally all TORCH infections produce flu like symptoms in the mom
  • Fetal and neonate effects are more serious
  • Toxoplasmosis - Other- Rubella- Cytomegalovirus - Herpes Simplex Virus
54
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A
  • Protozoan Infection
  • consumption of infected raw meat
  • Poor hand washing after handling kitty litter
  • Determined through blood studies
  • Miscarriage may occur
  • Parasitemia in fetus
  • Treated with medications that may be potentially harmful to fetus
55
Q

Rubella

A

Fetus: congential anomalies, severe malformations during first trimester, death
Vaccination of pregnant women is contraindicated (live vaccine)- given postpartum with instructions to avoid pregnancy for 1 month

56
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

Transmission by close contact

  • semen, cervical and vaginal secretion , breast milk, placental tissue, urine, feces, banked blood
  • Diagnosed by CMV presence in serum or urine

Fetal Implications
-Microencephaly, mental retardation, fetal death or severe generalized disease

No treatment is avaliable during pregnancy
Reportable

Womens Health (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions