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Sexual Health > Sexually Transmitted Infections > Flashcards

Sexually Transmitted Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

A

STIs are infections that are primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex.

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2
Q

What are the common bacterial STIs?

A

Common bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis.

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3
Q

What are the common viral STIs?

A

Common viral STIs include herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), HIV, and hepatitis B.

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4
Q

What are some common symptoms of STIs?

A

Symptoms include abnormal genital discharge, ulcers, pain during urination, itching, and genital sores.

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5
Q

What are the asymptomatic presentations of STIs?

A

Many STIs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea, may present without any symptoms, especially in the early stages.

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6
Q

What is chlamydia, and how is it caused?

A

Chlamydia is a bacterial STI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

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7
Q

What are the typical symptoms of chlamydia?

A

Symptoms include urethral or vaginal discharge, dysuria, and pelvic pain.

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8
Q

How is chlamydia diagnosed?

A

It is diagnosed via nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) on urine or swab samples.

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9
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydia?

A

The recommended treatment is a course of antibiotics, such as doxycycline or azithromycin.

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10
Q

What are the complications of untreated chlamydia?

A

Complications include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.

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11
Q

What is gonorrhoea, and what causes it?

A

Gonorrhoea is a bacterial STI caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Symptoms include purulent discharge, dysuria, and pelvic or testicular pain.

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13
Q

How is gonorrhoea diagnosed?

A

It is diagnosed using NAATs or culture tests on genital or throat swabs.

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14
Q

What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?

A

Treatment typically includes intramuscular ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin.

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15
Q

What is syphilis, and how is it caused?

A

Syphilis is a bacterial STI caused by Treponema pallidum.

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16
Q

What are the stages of syphilis?

A

Stages include primary (chancre formation), secondary (systemic symptoms), latent, and tertiary (serious complications).

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17
Q

How is syphilis diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis is through serological tests, such as treponemal-specific antibody tests or dark-field microscopy.

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18
Q

What is the treatment for syphilis?

A

Penicillin is the first-line treatment, with doxycycline as an alternative for those allergic to penicillin.

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19
Q

What are genital herpes, and what causes them?

A

Genital herpes are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), typically HSV-2 but sometimes HSV-1.

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of genital herpes?

A

Symptoms include painful genital ulcers, itching, and systemic flu-like symptoms during outbreaks.

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21
Q

How is genital herpes diagnosed?

A

It is diagnosed via clinical examination and confirmed with PCR testing or viral culture.

22
Q

What is the management of genital herpes?

A

Management includes antiviral medications like aciclovir or valaciclovir, pain relief, and supportive care.

23
Q

What are human papillomavirus (HPV) infections?

A

HPV is a viral STI that can cause genital warts and is associated with certain cancers, such as cervical and anal cancer.

24
Q

How can HPV be prevented?

A

HPV vaccination is effective in preventing infection with high-risk and wart-causing strains.

25
Q

What are the general measures for STI prevention?

A

Measures include safe sex practices (e.g., condom use), regular screening, and vaccination for HPV and hepatitis B.

26
Q

What is the global prevalence of STIs?

A

STIs are highly prevalent worldwide, with millions of new cases annually, affecting individuals of all ages and backgrounds.

27
Q

What are the risk factors for acquiring STIs?

A

Risk factors include unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, young age, and co-existing infections.

28
Q

Why are STIs more common in young adults?

A

Young adults may engage in higher-risk sexual behaviours, have less access to healthcare, and lack awareness of STI prevention.

29
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

A

PID is a complication of untreated STIs, often caused by chlamydia or gonorrhoea, leading to infection of the female reproductive organs.

30
Q

What are the symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, fever, abnormal vaginal discharge, and pain during intercourse or urination.

31
Q

How is pelvic inflammatory disease treated?

A

Treatment involves broad-spectrum antibiotics to cover likely pathogens.

32
Q

What is trichomoniasis, and what causes it?

A

Trichomoniasis is a protozoal STI caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.

33
Q

What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis?

A

Symptoms include frothy vaginal discharge, dysuria, and genital itching or irritation.

34
Q

How is trichomoniasis diagnosed?

A

It is diagnosed by microscopy or point-of-care antigen testing.

35
Q

What is the treatment for trichomoniasis?

A

Treatment involves oral metronidazole or tinidazole.

36
Q

What is HIV, and how is it transmitted?

A

HIV is a viral infection transmitted through blood, sexual fluids, or perinatal routes, affecting the immune system.

37
Q

What are the symptoms of acute HIV infection?

A

Symptoms include fever, rash, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy during the seroconversion phase.

38
Q

How is HIV diagnosed?

A

HIV is diagnosed using serological tests, such as antibody/antigen combination assays or PCR for viral load.

39
Q

What is the management for HIV?

A

Management includes antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress viral replication and maintain immune function.

40
Q

What are genital warts, and what causes them?

A

Genital warts are benign growths caused by low-risk HPV types, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11.

41
Q

How are genital warts managed?

A

Management includes topical treatments (e.g., podophyllotoxin), cryotherapy, or surgical removal.

42
Q

What is hepatitis B, and how is it transmitted?

A

Hepatitis B is a viral infection transmitted via blood, sexual contact, or perinatal exposure, affecting the liver.

43
Q

What are the symptoms of hepatitis B infection?

A

Symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and nausea, though many cases are asymptomatic.

44
Q

How is hepatitis B diagnosed?

A

It is diagnosed through serological tests, including HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs markers.

45
Q

What is the prevention for hepatitis B?

A

Prevention includes vaccination, safe sex practices, and avoiding sharing needles.

46
Q

What is lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), and what causes it?

A

LGV is a bacterial STI caused by specific strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, affecting lymphatic tissues.

47
Q

What are the symptoms of lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Symptoms include genital ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, and systemic flu-like symptoms.

48
Q

How is lymphogranuloma venereum diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis is via NAAT testing with specific typing for LGV strains.

49
Q

What is the treatment for lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Treatment involves a prolonged course of doxycycline.

50
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for genital ulcers?

A

Differential diagnoses include herpes simplex virus, syphilis, chancroid, and Behçet’s disease.

51
Q

Why is partner notification important in STI management?

A

Partner notification helps identify and treat sexual contacts to prevent reinfection and further spread of STIs.

52
Q

What are the key principles of STI management?

A

Principles include accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, partner notification, and education on prevention strategies.

Sexual Health (8 decks)

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