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Year 2 RE > Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) > Flashcards

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Flashcards

1
Q

Viral and bacterial infections are caused by bacteria and virus, respectively. Which of these is responsive to antibiotics?

A
  • bacterial infections
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2
Q

Bacteria sexually transmitted bacterial infections include chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis. In these types of infections what happens in the following:

  • presentations - EARLY OR LATE
  • diagnosis - SLOW OF FAST
  • treatment - CURATIVE OR LIFELONG
A
  • presentations = EARLY
  • diagnosis = FAST
  • treatment = CURATIVE
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3
Q

Viral sexually transmitted infections include herpes, warts, HIV and hepatitis. In these types of infections what happens in the following:

  • presentations - EARLY OR LATE
  • diagnosis - SLOW OF FAST
  • treatment - CURATIVE OR LIFELONG
A
  • presentations = LATE (many patients don’t realise they are infected)
  • diagnosis = SLOW (often unreliable)
  • treatment = LIFELONG
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4
Q

There are non-sexually transmitted infections, one of which is candida, more commonly known as thrush. What is the most common cause or thrush?

1 - bacterial infection with syphilis
2 - viral infection with herpes
3 - fungal infection caused by yeast
4 - bacterial vaginosis

A

3 - fungal infection caused by yeast

- most common cause is Candida albicans

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5
Q

There are non-sexually transmitted infections, one of which is candida, more commonly known as thrush. Is thrush an STI?

A
  • no
  • caused by yeast that we naturally have on our skin
  • CA may become overgrown causing thrush
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6
Q

Thrush is fungal infection caused by yeast, the most common cause is Candida albicans (CA). We naturally have yeast on our skin, but when opportunistic fungal infections such as CA become overgrown, this can cause thrush. What commonly causes CA to be able to multiply and cause people to develop thrush?

A
  • infection (recently taken antibiotics)
  • dampened immune response
  • diabetes
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7
Q

Thrush is fungal infection caused by yeast, the most common cause is Candida albicans (CA). We naturally have yeast on our skin, but when opportunistic fungal infections such as CA become overgrown, this can cause thrush, generally due to a dampened immune response. What symptoms can this present with?

1 - fishy smell, discharge, swelling, papular (raised skin ) rash in men
2 - itching, discharge, swelling, fishy smell
3 - itching, discharge, fishy smell, papular (raised skin ) rash in men
4 - itching, discharge, swelling, papular (raised skin ) rash in men

A

4 - itching, discharge, swelling, papular (raised skin ) rash in men

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8
Q

Thrush is fungal infection caused by yeast, the most common cause is Candida albicans (CA). We naturally have yeast on our skin, but when opportunistic fungal infections such as CA become overgrown, this can cause thrush, generally due to a dampened immune response. This can present with itching, discharge, swelling and papular (raised skin ) rash in men. How is this generally treated?

1 - antibiotics
2 - anti-virals
3 - topical antifungal medication
4 - wait and see approach

A

3 - topical antifungal medication

- a cream, solution, lotion, powder, gel, spray or lacquer applied to the skin surface to treat a fungal infection

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9
Q

What is bacterial vaginosis?

A
  • bacterial infection of the vagina

- generally caused by imbalance of bacteria

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10
Q

Bacterial vaginosis is a bacterial infection of the vagina, generally caused by imbalance of bacteria and is not an STI. Which is the following is the most common cause of this:

1 - candida albicans
2 - gardnerella vaginalis
3 - lactobacilli
4 - hepatitis

A

2 - gardnerella vaginalis

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11
Q

Bacterial vaginosis is a bacterial infection of the vagina, generally caused by imbalance of bacteria and is not an STI, with the most common cause being gardnerella vaginalis. What symptoms can this present with in women? (2 correct answers)

1 - fishy smell
2 -itching
3 - discharge
4 - swelling

A

1 - fishy smell

3 - discharge

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12
Q

Bacterial vaginosis is a bacterial infection of the vagina, generally caused by imbalance of bacteria, with the most common cause being gardnerella vaginalis. This can this present with discharge or a fishy odour. What is the most common cause of this in women?

1 - infection
2 - dirty water
3 - over washing
4 - type I hypersensitivity

A

3 - over washing

- bubble baths etc…

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13
Q

Bacterial vaginosis is a bacterial infection of the vagina, generally caused by imbalance of bacteria, with the most common cause being gardnerella vaginalis. This can this present with discharge or a fishy odour, commonly caused by over washing, such as bubble baths. How can this be treated effectively?

1 - antibiotics
2 - anti-virals
3 - topical antifungal medication
4 - wait and see approach

A

1 - antibiotics

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14
Q

If a man has an STI, what are the most common symptoms?

A
  • urethral discharge
  • urethral itch/irritation
  • dysuria
  • scrotal or testicular pain/swelling
  • anal pain/discharge/bleeding
  • anogenital lumps/bumps/sores/spots
  • rashes
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15
Q

If a woman has an STI, what are the most common symptoms?

A
  • itching/soreness
  • vaginal discharge
  • vaginal odour
  • abnormal bleeding
  • abdominal pelvic pain
  • dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse)
  • urinary symptoms
  • anogenital lumps/bumps/sores/spots
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16
Q

Chlamydia is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by chlamydia trachomatis. What cell types of the sexual tissue does this generally affect?

1 - columnar epithelial cells
2 - squamous epithelial cells
3 - endometrium
4 - vaginal epithelial

A

1 - columnar epithelial cells

  • common in endocervix (end of cervix where it meets the uterus)
  • can also infect the urethra, throat and conjunctiva of the eyes
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17
Q

Chlamydia is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by chlamydia trachomatis. In females the majority of patients do not present with any symptoms. What % don’t present with symptoms?

1 - 10%
2 - 30%
3 - 60%
4 - 90%

A

4 - 90%

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18
Q

Chlamydia is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by chlamydia trachomatis. In females up to 90% are asymptomatic. What can chlamydia cause?

A
  • damage to reproductive tissue
  • cervicitis
  • urethritis
  • post-coital (intercourse) bleeding
  • pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
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19
Q

Chlamydia is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by chlamydia trachomatis. In males the majority of patients do not present with any symptoms. What % don’t present with symptoms?

1 - 10%
2 - 30%
3 - 50%
4 - 90%

A

3 - 50%

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20
Q

Chlamydia is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by chlamydia trachomatis. In males up to 50% are asymptomatic. What can chlamydia cause thin men?

A
  • non-gonococcal urethritis
  • epididymo - orchitis (inflammation of the testes)
  • proctitis (proctos = rectum, inflammation of the rectum)
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21
Q

Chlamydia is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by chlamydia trachomatis. Swabs of an infected area are conducted to diagnose a patient. What are the 4 most common places to swab?

1 - endocervical, urethral, rectal, oropharyngeal (following bisexual intercourse, orally)
2 - ectocervix, urethral, rectal, oropharyngeal (following bisexual intercourse, orally)
3 - endocervical, conjunctiva, rectal, oropharyngeal (following bisexual intercourse, orally)
4 - endocervical, urethral, axillary, oropharyngeal (following bisexual intercourse, orally)

A

1 - endocervical, urethral, rectal, oropharyngeal (following bisexual intercourse, orally)

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22
Q

What is a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) testing?

A
  • test to detect specific nucleic acid sequence
  • generally a urine test
  • can identify particular species or subspecies of organism
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23
Q

What method is most sensitive to detecting chlamydia trachomatis, the most common cause of chlamydia?

1 - PCR
2 - nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
3 - cell culture
4 - ELISA

A

2 - nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)

- detects chlamydia trachomatis sequence in urine

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24
Q

Gonorrhea is a bacterial STI. Which bacteria is the most common cause:

1 - neisseria gonorrhoeae
2 - lactobacillus
3 - gardnerella vaginalis
4 -candida albicans

A

1 - neisseria gonorrhoeae

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25
Q

Gonorrhoea is a bacterial STI, most commonly caused by the bacteria neisseria gonorrhoea. What % of male patients are asymptomatic?

1 - 10%
2 - 30%
3 - 60%
4 - 100%

A

1 - 10%

- 90% present with symptoms

26
Q

Gonorrhoea is a bacterial STI, most commonly caused by the bacteria neisseria gonorrhoeae. What % of female patients are asymptomatic?

1 - 10%
2 - 30%
3 - 50%
4 - 100%

A

3 - 50%

27
Q

Gonorrhoea is a bacterial STI, most commonly caused by the bacteria neisseria gonorrhoea. What symptoms can this infection present with?

A
  • rectal = can be asymptomatic, anal discharge or ano-rectal discomfort
  • pharyngeal = generally asymptomatic
  • conjunctival = red eye
28
Q

Gonorrhea is a bacterial STI, most commonly caused by the bacteria neisseria gonorrhoeae. How is it most commonly diagnosed?

1 - PCR and nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
2 - swab (gram negative staining) and nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
3 - ELISA and nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
4 - swab (gram negative staining) and ELISA

A

2 - swab (gram negative staining) and nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)

29
Q

Gonorrhea is a bacterial STI, most commonly caused by the bacteria neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is most commonly diagnosed using swab (gram negative staining) and nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). Which of these is more sensitive and is now the standard test?

A
  • nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
  • 90% sensitive
  • 99% specific
30
Q

Gonorrhea is a bacterial STI, most commonly caused by the bacteria neisseria gonorrhoeae. What are some common complications that can be caused by this infection?

A
  • pelvic inflammatory disease (causes infertility and/or ectopic pregnancy)
  • fitz-Hugh Curtis syndrome (perihepatitis = inflammation of coating of the liver)
  • epididymo-orchitis (inflammaton of testes and/or epididymis)
  • septicaemia (infection in the blood)
  • transmission to neonate
31
Q

Gonorrhea is a bacterial STI, most commonly caused by the bacteria neisseria gonorrhoeae. How is this treated?

1 - antibiotics
2 - anti-virals
3 - topical antifungal medication
4 - wait and see approach

A

1 - antibiotics

- given as an injection

32
Q

Trichomoniasis (or “trich”) vaginalis is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called:

1 - neisseria gonorrhoeae
2 - trichomonas vaginalis
3 - gardnerella vaginalis
4 -candida albicans

A

2 - trichomonas vaginalis

33
Q

Trichomoniasis (or “trich”) vaginalis is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called trichomonas vaginalis. Although symptoms do not always present, what are the 2 most common symptom?

1 - itching and vaginitis / vulvitis
2 - itching and warts
3 - profuse, offensive vaginal discharge and vaginitis / vulvitis
4 - profuse, offensive vaginal discharge and itching

A

3 - profuse, offensive vaginal discharge and vaginitis / vulvitis

34
Q

What is mycoplasma genitalium?

A
  • a sexually transmitted bacterial infection

- smallest self replicating pathogenic bacterium

35
Q

Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection, the smallest self replicating pathogenic bacterium. Is this dangerous?

A
  • yes, can present with same symptoms as chlamydia

- BUT most patients do no present with disease or symptoms

36
Q

Syphilis is a bacterial infection transmitted sexually. Which bacteria is responsible for syphilis?

1 - neisseria gonorrhoeae
2 - trichomonas vaginalis
3 - gardnerella vaginalis
4 - treponema pallidum

A

4 - treponema pallidum

37
Q

Syphilis can be subdivided into early and late syphilis. What is the distinction between the 2?

1 - early syphilis = <1 years and late syphilis = >1 years
2 - early syphilis = <2 years and late syphilis = >2 years
3 - early syphilis = < months and late syphilis = >2 month
4 - early syphilis = <2 weeks and late syphilis = >2 weeks

A

2 - early syphilis = <2 years and late syphilis = >2 years

38
Q

What is latent syphilis?

A
  • patient presents with no symptoms

- BUT if tested the patient would be positive for syphilis

39
Q

Primary syphilis is part of early syphilis as it occurs within 0-90 days. It presents with what that is a visual sign of infection?

1 - chancre (french for little ulcer)
2 - large mass on external genitals
3 - large testicle
4 - discharge and rash on genitals

A

1 - chancre (french for little ulcer)

40
Q

Primary syphilis is part of early syphilis as it occurs within 0-90 days. It presents with a chancre (french for little ulcer). What can this then affect and how long does this take to heal?

1 - can enlarge axillary lymph nodes but is painless
2 - enlarged inguinal lymph nodes but is painless
3 - enlarged femoral lymph nodes
4 - enlarged thoracic lymph nodes

A

2 - enlarged inguinal lymph nodes but is painless

- heals within 3-10 weeks

41
Q

Primary syphilis is part of early syphilis as it presents within 2 years of contraction of the infection, bur normally between 6 weeks and 6 months. How can this present on the skin?

1 - erythema
2 - warts
3 - skin lesions (abnormal appearance or growth)
4 - broken skin and ulcers

A

3 - skin lesions (abnormal appearance or growth)

  • symmetrical and non-itchy
  • common on palms, soles, trunk, face and limbs
42
Q

Syphilis has a number of complications, what are the 2 most common early symptoms?

1 - chancre and skin lesions
2 - chancre and warts
3 - skin lesions and warts
4 - skin lesions and erythema

A

1 - chancre and skin lesions

43
Q

Syphilis has a number of complications, what are the most common and more serious late symptoms?

A
  • CVD complications (aortic aneurysm/insufficiency)
  • CNS (paralytic dementia, tabes dorsalis (loss of dorsal column and propriocetpion) and ataxia (balance and control issues))
  • gummas (tumour like growth of soft tissue)
44
Q

How can syphilis be diagnosed?

A
  • identify if treponema pallidum is present
  • dark ground microscopy (image below)
  • PCR (if swab can be taken from chancre)
  • ELISA
  • serological (blood test)
45
Q

What is the most common test to diagnose syphilis?

1 - PCR
2 - dark brown microscopy
3 - ELISA with serological blood test
4 - gram staining

A

3 - ELISA with serological blood test

- used to identify IgG and IgM antibodies

46
Q

What are the 4 most common viral infections that present in STI clinics?

A

1 - HIV
2 - hepatitis
3 - HPV
4 - herpes

47
Q

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common group of viruses. What is one of the most common visual signs of HPV?

1 - discharge
2 - anogenital warts
3 - erythema
4 - fishy odour

A

2 - anogenital warts

48
Q

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common group of viruses. Warts are one of the most common visual signs of HPV. Do warts always present?

A
  • no some patients never experience them

- more common early on, then immune system reduce the incidence of warts

49
Q

What is herpes?

A
  • herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or 2 infection
  • HSV-1 is more common = 60%
  • HSV-2 is less common = 10%
50
Q

Herpes is caused by simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or 2 infection. How can this be transmitted?

1 - sex
2 - hugging
3 - breathing on one another
4 - direct contact with oral or genital mucosa

A

4 - direct contact with oral or genital mucosa

- BUT 50% of patients are unaware they have it

51
Q

Herpes is caused by simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or 2 infection. How can this present?

1 - skin lesions and blisters, ulcers, tender lymph nodes
2 - skin lesions and blisters, warts, tender lymph nodes
3 - skin lesions and blisters, ulcers, warts
4 - warts, ulcers, tender lymph nodes

A

1 - skin lesions and blisters, ulcers, tender lymph nodes

52
Q

Herpes is caused by simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or 2 infection. This can present with:

  • skin lesions and blisters
  • ulcers
  • tender lymph nodes

Does this present immediately and can this be cured?

A
  • has incubation of <7 days

- healing of symptoms occurs within 3 weeks

53
Q

How is herpes treated?

1 - antibiotics
2 - androgens
3 - anti-virals
4 - hydrocortisone cream

A

3 - anti-virals

54
Q

Herpes is caused by simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or 2 infection. How can this be diagnosed?

1 - PCR
2 - dark brown microscopy
3 - ELISA with serological blood test
4 - gram staining

A

1 - PCR

  • viral PCR swab from base of the ulcer
  • NEGATIVE TEST DOES NOT EXCLUDE DIAGNOSIS
55
Q

How can the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) be transmitted?

A
  • sharing of bodily fluids (blood generally, but semen, breast milk)
56
Q

If a patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), what can this increase the risk of?

A
  • STIs
57
Q

If a patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), do they present with symptoms early on?

A
  • generally flu like symptoms
58
Q

If HIV progresses, what does it progress to?

A
  • acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  • when CD4 count drops >200
  • increased susceptibility to infection
59
Q

Are the number of STIs increasing or decreasing among men and women?

A
  • both are generally decreasing
60
Q

Although the number of STIs is generally decreasing in men and women, which STI has increased in men?

A
  • gonorrhoea

Year 2 RE (53 decks)

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