Sexuality and Gender

Question 1

Define Sex

Answer 1

Biological indicators of male/female vs sexuality

Question 2

Define Gender

Answer 2

Publicly lived role, and internally-recognised self, as girl or boy, woman or man, non-binary, fluid, or intersex+.

Question 3

Define gender identity

Answer 3

one aspect of social identity.

Question 4

Define Gender role/expression

Answer 4

Chosen appearance and behavior to represent gender identity.

Question 5

Define Cisgender

Answer 5

Gender identity which is congruent with sex assigned at birth.

Question 6

Define Transgender/gender diverse

Answer 6

Transient or persistent identification with a gender that is different from assigned gender/natal gender.

Question 7

Define Nonbinary

Answer 7

Gender identity lies outside of the gender binary of male and female

Question 8

Define Gender assignment

Answer 8

: Initial assignment as male or female (or intersex), usually at birth a.k.a. “natal gender”.

Question 9

Define gender atypical

Answer 9

Biological structures or behaviours that are less commonly seen (statistically) in individuals with the same assigned gender, in the same society, in the same historical period.

Question 10

Define Transsexual

Answer 10

An individual who would like to, or who has already, transitioned from one gender to another – socially and/or biologically.

Question 11

Define Intersex

Answer 11

Used informally in medicine to apply to individuals with significantly atypical congenital variations of the reproductive tract.

Question 12

Define Cross-sex hormone treatment

Answer 12

The use of feminizing hormones in an individual assigned male at birth, or the use of masculinizing hormones in an individual assigned female at birth.

Question 13

Define disorders of sexual developmental (DSD)

Answer 13

Congenital differences in the formation of the reproductive system which often make it difficult to classify a person (usually a neonate) as binary male or female

Question 14

Define gender reassignement

Answer 14

An official (and often legal) change of gender.

Question 15

Define AMAB

Answer 15

Assigned male at birth

Question 16

Define AFAB

Answer 16

Assigned female at birth

Question 17

Define gender dysphoria

Answer 17

“Refers to the distress that may accompany the incongruence between one’s experienced or expressed gender and one’s assigned gender”
6 months duration.

Question 18

Define gender identity disorder

Answer 18

The DSM IV version (diagnosis) of what is now referred to as gender dysphoria.

Question 19

Define gender incongruence (of adolescence and adulthood/of childhood)

Answer 19

The ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines.

Question 20

Define gender affirming health care

Answer 20

Psychological, social, behavioural and/or medical interventions aimed at affirming an individual’s gender identity

Question 21

Gender Dysphoria: Prevalence

Answer 21

Natal adult males - 0.005% to 0.014%.

Natal adult females - 0.002% to 0.003%.

Rates are likely modest underestimates.

Rates of persistence of gender dysphoria from childhood into adolescence or adulthood:
AMABs - 2.2% to 30%
AFABs - 12% to 50%

Question 22

Gender Dysphoria: Development and course

Answer 22

Gender-specific behaviours generally appear at around 2-4 years of age – both typical and atypical.

May occur in toddlers or later e.g., on entry to primary school.

As puberty is approached, discontentment with genitalia becomes more prominent.

Question 23

Gender Dysphoria: Contributing factors

Answer 23

Genetics – weak effect

Endocrine – possible mild ↑ androgens in 46, XX with CAH (DSD) and without DSD as well as in 46, XY with DSD e.g., 5-alpha reductase-2 deficiency.

Gender-identity cannot be predicted

Question 24

Gender Dysphoria: increased risk of mental health conditions

Answer 24

Strong association between ASD and GD.
Suicidality.
Depression and anxiety.
Substance-use disorder.
School-refusal.
Relationship and sexual health issues.
Stigma, discrimination.

Question 25

Gender Dysphoria: Differential Diagnosis

Answer 25

Nonconformity to gender roles.

Transvestic disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder.

Psychotic disorders.

Other clinical presentations

Question 26

Normal sexuality

Answer 26

Influenced by anatomy, physiology, culture, interpersonal relationships and developmental experiences.

Healthy sexuality is an important source of intimacy, love and fulfilment for many people.

Not all pleasure-seeking behaviours are sexual.

Not all sexual behaviours are about sex.

Question 27

Psychosexual factors

Answer 27

Sexual identity.
Gender identity.
Sexual orientation.
Sexual behavior.

Question 28

Define Sexual dysfunction

Answer 28

characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in a person’s ability to respond sexually or to experience sexual pleasure

Question 29

Paraphilic disorders

Answer 29

a deviation from normal sexual activity that causes distress or impairment to the individual, harm to the individual, harm to the individual and partner, or harm to the community.