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sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Female reproductive part of the flower ?

A

Gynoecium

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2
Q

Female reproductive part of the flower ?

A

Gynoecium

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3
Q

Single pistil - __________
More than one pistil - _________
More than one pistil that are fused -________
Pistils that are free-_______

A
  1. Monocarpellary
  2. Multicarpellary
  3. Syncarpous
  4. Apocarpous
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4
Q

________ are morphological and embryological marvels and are the sites of ______ reproduction.

A

Flowers , sexual

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5
Q

Several ______ and ______ changes are initiated which lead to the differentiation and further development of the _______ ______

A

Hormonal , structural, floral primordium

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6
Q

_____ are formed which bear the floral bud and then the flowers .

A

Inflorescence

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7
Q

Two parts of stamen

A

Anther and filament

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8
Q

Stamen has a long slender stalk called _____ and terminal generally ___ lobed structure called ____

A

Filament , bi , anther

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9
Q
  1. The proximal end of the filament is attached to ____ or ____
  2. A typical angiospermic anther is bilobed , each lobe having ___ Theca.
  3. They are _______. ( based on having two thecas)
  4. Often a longitudinal groove runs lengthwise separating the _____.
A
  1. Thalamus or petal
  2. 2
  3. Dithecous
  4. Theca
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10
Q
  1. Anther is a four sided structure (_______) consisting of _____ microsporangia located at the ______ , _____ in each lobe .
A

Tetragonal , 4 , corners , 2

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11
Q

The microsporangia develop further and become _______.
They extend _________ all through the length of an anther and are packed with ________.

A

Pollen sacs , longitudinally , pollen grains

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12
Q

A typical microsporangium appears______ in structure .
It is surrounded by ____ wall layers .
Name of the layers -

A

Circular
4
1. Epidermis
2. Endothecium
3. Middle layer
4. Tapetum

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13
Q
  1. Epidermis , endothecium and middle layer perform the function of ______ and ______.
  2. The innermost wall layer is called ____
  3. Function of tapetum .
  4. Cells of the tapetum posses dense ______ and generally have more than ______ nucleus .
A
  1. Protection and dehiscence of anther
  2. Tapetum
  3. Nourishes the developing pollen grains .
  4. Cytoplasm , more than one .
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14
Q
  1. Epidermis , endothecium and middle layer perform the function of ______ and ______.
  2. The innermost wall layer is called ____
  3. Function of tapetum .
  4. Cells of the tapetum posses dense ______ and generally have more than ______ nucleus .
A
  1. Protection and dehiscence of anther
  2. Tapetum
  3. Nourishes the developing pollen grains .
  4. Cytoplasm , more than one .
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15
Q

When the anther is young , a group of compactly arranged ________ cells called the ___________ occupies the centre of each _________.

A

Homogeneous, sporogenous tissue , microsporangium .

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16
Q

As the anther develops, the cells of Sporogenous tissue undergoes ________ divisions to form _________.

A

Meiotic divisions , microspore tetrads .

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17
Q

True or false
1. Each cell of sporogenous tissue is capable of giving rise to a microspore tetrad .

A

True

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18
Q

1.Each one of the cells of microspore tetrad is a potential pollen or ________ \ ______
2. MMC is also called as ______

A

MMC\PMC
Potential pollen

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19
Q

1.The process of formation of microspores from pollen mother cell through meiosis is called _______.
2. The microspores as they are formed are arranged in _____ of ____ cells called as _______.

A

Microsporogenesis
Cluster of cells , microspore tetrads

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20
Q

True or false
1. As the anthers mature and hydrate , the microspores dissociate from each other and develop into pollen grains .

A

False , dehydrate

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21
Q
  1. Pollen grains are released with ______ of anther .
  2. The pollen grain represents the ______ _____.
  3. Pollen grains are generally _____. ( shape ) .
  4. Pollen grains measure about ___ to ___ mm in diameter .
A
  1. Dehiscence
  2. Male gametophyte
    3: spherical
  3. 25-50
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22
Q
  1. Pollen grains are released with ______ of anther .
  2. The pollen grain represents the ______ _____.
  3. Pollen grains are generally _____. ( shape ) .
  4. Pollen grains measure about ___ to ___ mm in diameter .
A
  1. Dehiscence
  2. Male gametophyte
    3: spherical
  3. 25-50
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23
Q
  1. Pollen grain has ____ layered wall .
  2. Hard , outer layer is called ___ made up of ____.
  3. One of the most resistant organic material known -
  4. It can withstand high ____ and ____.
  5. T/F - no enzyme that degrades sporopollenin is known .
A
  1. Double
  2. Exine , sporopollenin
  3. Sporopollenin
  4. Temperature and alkali
  5. T
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24
Q

Pollen grain exine have prominent apertures called ____ where sporopollenin is absent .
2. Pollen grains are well preserved as fossils because of presence of ______.

A

Germpores
Sporopollenin

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25
Q
  1. The _____ exhibits fascinating array of patterns and designs.
  2. The inner wall of pollen grain is called _____ and is made up of ________ and _______.
  3. hard and discontinous layer ______
  4. thin and continous layer ______.
A
  1. exine
  2. intine , cellulose and pectin
  3. exine
  4. intine
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26
Q
  1. the cytoplasm of the pollen grain is surrounded by _____.
  2. when the pollen grain is mature , it contains ____ cells. name of the cells .
  3. the ____ cell is bigger and have abundant ____ reserve and a large ____ shaped nucleus.
A
  1. plasmamembrane
  2. 2, vegetative cell and generative cell .
  3. vegetative , food , irrerularly
27
Q

1.the ____ cell is small and floats in the cytoplasm of ____ cell.
2. generative cell is ____ shaped and have dense ____ and a _____.

A
  1. generative , vegetative
  2. spindle , cytoplasm , nucleus
28
Q
  1. in over _____% of angiosperms , pollen grains are shed at this 2 celled stage .
  2. in 40% of angiosperms , the ____ cell divides ______to give rise to two _____ ______ and then this pollen grain is shed at 3 celled stage .
A
  1. 60
  2. generative , mitotically , male gametes
29
Q

Pollen grains of many species cause severe _______ and _________ in some people often leading to chronic respiratory disorders _______ ,________ etc .

A
  1. Allergies , bronchial afflictions , asthma bronchitis
30
Q
  1. ________ or carrot grass that came into India as a contaminant with imported _________ has become ubiquitous in occurrence and causes_______ ______ .
A

Parthenium , wheat , pollen allergy

31
Q
  1. Pollen grains are rich in ________.
  2. It has become a fashion in recent years to use _________ as food supplements.
  3. In western countries large number of pollen products in the form of _____ and _____ are available in the market.
A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Pollen tablets
  3. Tablets and syrups
32
Q

Pollen consumption has been claimed to increase the performance of ________ and __________.

A

Athletes and race horses.

33
Q
  1. pollen grains have to land on the ______ before they lose viability if they have to bring about __________.
  2. The period for which pollen grains remain viable is highly _______ and to some extent depends on the prevailing ______ and _______.
A
  1. Stigma , fertilisation
  2. Variable , temperature and humidity
34
Q
  1. In some cereals such as ______ and ______, pollen grains lose viability within ________ of their release.
  2. some members of ________ , __________ , _________ maintain viability for_________.
A
  1. Wheat and rice , 30 minutes
  2. Leguminosae , solanaceae , rosaceae , upto months
35
Q
  1. pollen grains of a large number of species are stored for years in ____________ ( temperature) .
  2. Such stored pollen can be used for _________ similar to seed banks, in ___________ programmes .
A
  1. Liquid nitrogen , -196 C
  2. Pollen banks , crop breeding programs
36
Q
  1. Each pistil has ______ parts .
  2. the ______ , ______ and ________
  3. The _______ serves as a landing platform
    for polien grains.
  4. The ______ is the elongated slender part beneath the stigma .
  5. The basal bulged part of the pistil is the _________.
A
  1. Three
  2. Stigma , style , ovary
  3. Stigma
  4. Style
  5. Ovary
37
Q
  1. Inside the ovary is the ___________ .
  2. The _________ is located inside the ovarian cavity.
  3. Ovarian cavity is also called as _____.
A
  1. Ovarian cavity
  2. Placenta
  3. Locule
38
Q
  1. Arising from the placenta are the______________, commonly called ovules. 2. The number of ovules in an ovary may be one ( examples ) to many ( examples).
A

1.Megasporangia
2. Wheat , paddy , mango
Watermelon , papaya , orchid

39
Q
  1. The ______ is a small structure attached to the placenta by means of a stalk called ______.
  2. The body of the ovule fuses with funicle in the region called _______ .
  3. hilum represents the junction between _______ and _______ .
  4. Each ovule has one or two protective envelopes called __________.
  5. Integuments encircle the ________ except at the tip where a small opening called the _________ is organised .
  6. Opposite the micropylar end, is the ___________ representing the _____ part of the ovule .
A
  1. Ovule , funicle
  2. Hilum
  3. Ovule and funicle
  4. Integuments
  5. Nucellus , micropyle
  6. Chalazal end , basal
40
Q
  1. Enclosed within the integuments is a mass of cells called the _______.
  2. Cells of the nucellus have abundant reserve ___________
  3. Located in the nucellus is the_________or female gametophyte.
  4. An ovule generally has a ______ embryo sac formed from a megaspore .
A
  1. Nucellus
  2. Food material
  3. Ovule
  4. Single
41
Q
  1. The process of formation of megaspores from the megapore mother cell is called____________
  2. Ovules generally differentiate à single ______________in the micropylar region of the nucellus.
A
  1. Megasporogenesis
  2. Megaspore
42
Q

Ovule is also called as ______.

A

Megasporangium

43
Q

Arrangement of megaspore is linear or tetrad ?

A

Linear

44
Q
  1. The MMC undergoes_______ division.
  2. Meiosis results in the production of ________Megaspore.
  3. In majority of flowering plants, only ______megaspore is functional while the other three _________.
A
  1. Meiotic
  2. Four
  3. One , degenerate
45
Q
  1. Only the ___________ develops into the female gametophyte (embryo sac).
    2.This method of embryo sac formation from a single megaspore is termed as ___________development.
A
  1. Functional megaspore .
  2. Monosporic
46
Q

1.Embryo sac is also called as ______.
2. Ploidy of the cells of nucellus ?

A
  1. Female gamete
  2. 2n
47
Q

1.The nucleus of the functional megapore divides ________ to form______ nuclei which move to the opposite poles, forming the ______________.
2. ______ ( number ) more sequential ( mitosis / meiosis ) ______ nuclear divisions result in the formation of the ____nucleate and later the ____nucleate stages of the embryo sac.

A

1.mitotically , 2 , 2 nucleate embryosac
2. 2 , mitotic , 4 , 8

48
Q
  1. interest to note that these mitotic divisions are strictly __________, that is, nuclear divisions are not followed immediately by _______ formation.
  2. After the ____nucleate stage, _____are laid down leading to the organisation of the typical female gametophyte or embryo sac.
A
  1. Free nuclear , cell wall .
  2. 8 , cell walls .
49
Q
  1. _____of the eight nuclei are surrounded by cell walls and organised into cells.
    2.The remaining two nuclei, called _______ are situated below the ______ in the large _____ cell.
  2. There is a characteristic distribution of the cells within the _______
  3. Three cells are grouped together at the micropylar end and constitute the ________.
    5.The egg apparatus, in turn , consists of two ______ and one ______.
A
  1. Six
  2. Polar nuclei , egg apparatus , central
  3. Embryosac
  4. Egg apparatus
    5.synergids , egg cell
50
Q
  1. The _______ have special cellular thickenings at the micropylar tip called ___________which play an important role in
    guiding the _________ into the _______.
  2. Three cells are at the chalazal end are called the _________.
A
  1. Synergids , filiform apparatus , pollen tube , synergids.
  2. Antipodal cells
51
Q
  1. The large central cell has _____ polar nuclei,
  2. Thus, a typical angiosperm embryo sac, at maturity is ____ celled and ____ nucleate .
A
  1. 2
  2. 7 celled , 8 nucleated .
52
Q
  1. Male gamete -
  2. Female gamete -
  3. Both the gametes are motile or non motile ?
A
  1. Pollen grain
  2. Embryo sac
53
Q
  1. Transfer of pollen grains (shed from the anther) to the stigma of a pistil is termed as __________.
  2. Depending on the source of __________ , pollination can be divided into _____ types.
A
  1. Pollination .
  2. Pollen , 3
54
Q
  1. In this type, pollination is achieved within the ________flower. ( autogamy )
  2. Transfer of pollen grains from the ______ to the _____ of the same flower.
  3. In a normal flower which opens and
    exposes the anthers and the stigma, complete autogamy is rather _______.
    4.Autogamy in such flowers requires synchrony in ______ release and _______ receptivity .
A
  1. Same .
  2. Anther , stigma
  3. Rare .
  4. Pollen , stigma .
55
Q

Some plants such as _______ , _________ and _______ produce ______ types of flowers . ( name or the flowers )

A

Viola , oxalis, commelina … 2
Chasmogamous and cleistogamous

56
Q
  1. Similar flowers of other species with exposed anther and filament is a _______ type of flower .
  2. _______ flowers do not open at all .
  3. In such flowers the anther and stigma lie _____ to each other .
A
  1. Chasmogamous
  2. Cleistogamous
  3. Close
57
Q
  1. ________ flowers are invariably Autogamous as there is no chance of cross pollination.
A
  1. Cleistogamous
58
Q

Cleistogamous flowers produce assured _________ even in the absence of ________.

A
  1. Seed set , pollinating agent
59
Q

Common name of viola

A

Common pansy

60
Q

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant is called ______.

A
  1. Geitonogamy
61
Q
  1. Geitonogamy is functionally ___________ involving pollinating agent .
  2. Genetically it is similar to ______ since the pollen grains come from the same plant .
A
  1. Cross pollination
  2. Autogamy
62
Q

Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of different plant is called _________.

A

Xenogamy

63
Q

Type of pollination which brings genetically different types of pollen grains to the stigma ?

A

Xenogamy

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