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BOTANY > sexual reproduction in flowering plants > Flashcards

sexual reproduction in flowering plants Flashcards

1
Q

what is main plant body of flower?

A

sporophyte

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2
Q

what is shoot?

A

stem+leaves

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3
Q

flower is a modification of what?

A

modified shoot

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4
Q

thalamus is the modification of what?

A

modified stem

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5
Q

flowers are considered as what by biologists?

A

morphological and embryological marvels

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6
Q

what are the values of flowers in everyday life?

A

CARSO
cultural, aesthetic, religious, social and ornamental

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7
Q

what steps take place before initiation of flowering?

A

hormonal and structural changes<shoot apical meristem<reproductive/floral meristem<inflorescence axis<floral primordia<floral buds<flower

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8
Q

what are the two types of flowers with examples?

A
  1. UNISEXUAL- (cccm)
  2. BISEXUAL- china rose, sweet potato
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9
Q

types of plants with example

A
  1. MONOECIOUS- BOTH FLOWERS SAME PLANTS. (cccm)
  2. DIOCIOUS- both flowers different plants. papaya, date palm
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10
Q

what are the features of filament?

A

long
slender
sterile
anther is attached to distal end of filament

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11
Q

what is epipetalous with example?

A

if stamen is attached to petal
solanaceae(brinjal)

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12
Q

what is epiphyllous with example?

A

if stamen is attached to perianth(tepal)
lily

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13
Q

what are the features of anther?

A

swollen, terminal
tetragonal (4sides)
bi-lobed
each lobe has 2 chambers called THECA-> dithecous
tetrasporangiate(4microsporangium)

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14
Q

what does each microsporangia develop into?

A

pollen sac

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15
Q

what is sporogenous tissue?

A

it is a compactly arranged mass of homogenous cells which occupies centre of each microsporangium.

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16
Q

each cell of sporogenous tissue is a potential?

A

MMC(microspore mother cell) / PMC(pollen mother cell)

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17
Q

what is dehiscence of anther?

A

bursting of anther

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18
Q

what are the anther wall layers?

A
  1. epidermis
  2. endothecium
  3. middle layers
  4. tapetum
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19
Q

features of epidermis?

A

outermost layer
uniseriate(1layer)
protection

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20
Q

features of endothecium?

A

protection in young anther

dehiscence of anther in mature anther

uniseriate(1 layer)

radially elongated cells

alpha-cellulosic fibrous thickenings present on inner tangential and radial walls[HYGROSCOPIC-ability to absorb water]

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21
Q

what is stomium?

A

the portion of endothecium where alpha-cellulosic thickenings are absent.
dehiscence of anther takes place from stomium

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22
Q

features of middle layers?

A

2-3
parenchymatous= store food
cells are EPHEMERAL(short lived)

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23
Q

features of tapetum?

A

innermost
surrounds sporogenous tissue
dense cytoplasm
multinucleated(due to nuclear division)
parenchymatous
polyploidy
polyteny(DNA replication is not followed by chromosomal splitting)

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24
Q

what are the functions of tapetum?

A
  1. nourishment to developing pollen grains
  2. secretion of sporopollenin
  3. production of ubisch bodies[pro-ubisch bodies(microbodies) + sporopollenin]
  4. production of pollen kit(oily sticky, yellow coloured to attract insects)
  5. synthesis of compatible proteins
  6. synthesis of callase enzyme
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25
Q

what is microsporogenesis?

A

it is the formation of microspores from microspore mother cells(MMC) or pollen mother cell(PMC)
MMC/PMC(2n)—>microspores(n)

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26
Q

write steps of microsporogenesis?

A

(meiosis)
MMC/PMC < MICROSPORE TETRAD [isobilateral in monocots and tetrahedral in dicots] < (by callase enzyme from tapetum) MICROSPRES(n) < (develops into) POLLEN GRAIN

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27
Q

what is the male gametophyte?

A

POLLEN GRAIN because it carries male gamete i.e. pollen

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28
Q

which family has only one functional microspore?

A

cyperaceae

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29
Q

pollen grain:
shape
dimensions
parts

A

spherical
25-50 micrometer
wall(exine and intine) and cytoplasm

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30
Q

exine v/s intine?

A

EXINE: outer
thick, rigid
discontinuous
made up of sporopollenin

INTINE: inner
thin
continuous
made up of cellulose and pectin

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31
Q

features of sporopollenin?

A
  1. it is the most resistance organic substance
  2. it can withstand strong alkali and acids
  3. no enzyme that degrades sporopollenin has yet been discovered
  4. it helps in fossilization
  5. fascinating array of designs and patterns which is of taxonomical significance
  6. it is hard so, provides protection to pollen grains in hazardous environment
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32
Q

what is germ pore?
types?
pollen tube?

A

it is the places where sporopollenin is absent
MONOCOPLATE(1)[monocots], BICOLPATE(2)[dicots], TRICOLPATE(3)[dicots]
intine protrudes from germ pore forming a germinating pollen tube

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33
Q

which plants cause pollen allergy?

A

especially ANEMOPHILOUS(pollinated by wind)

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34
Q

effects of pollen allergy?

A
  1. bronchial afflictions
  2. allergy
  3. respiratory disorders like; asthma, bronchitis
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35
Q

examples of pollen allergy causing plants?

A
  1. PARTHENIUM(carrot/congress grass)- came to India as a contaminant in imported wheat
  2. AMARANTHUS
  3. CHENOPODIUM
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36
Q

what are pollen products?

A

pollen grains are rich in nutrients, used by athletes and racing horses in the form of TABLETS, SYRUPS

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37
Q

what is pollen viability?

A

period for which pollen grain retains the ability to germinate on the stigma.
highly variable

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38
Q

what does pollen viability depend on?

A

prevailing temperature and humidity

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39
Q

examples of pollen viability?

A

wheat, rice: 30 minutes

leguminoseae, solanaceae, rosaceae: upto several months

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40
Q

what are pollen banks?

A

pollen grains are stored in -196 degree celsius in LIQUID NITROGEN[k/a cryopreservation]
later used in crop breeding programmes

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41
Q

write the steps in microgametogenesis?

A

[EX-SITU]
pollen grain < (mitosis) ASSYMETRICAL SPINDLE FORMATION < (karyokinesis) NEGETATIVE NUCLEUS AND GENERATIVE NUCLEUS < (cytokinesis) VEGETATIVE CELL AND GENERATIVE CELL <
[IN-SITU]
GENERATIVE CELL < (mitosis) 2 MALE GAMETES

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42
Q

what is the 3-celled stage?

A

when the generative cell divides mitotically to form 2 male gametes

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43
Q

features of vegetative cell/tube cell?

A
  1. larger cell
  2. stores reserve food
  3. irregularly shaped nucleus
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44
Q

features of generative cell?

A
  1. smaller cell
  2. spindle shaped nucleus
  3. dense cytoplasm
  4. floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell
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45
Q

pollen grains are shed at the 2-celled stage in how many angiosperms?

A

more than 60% of angiosperms

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46
Q

shedding of pollen at 3-celled stage?

A

in less than 40% of angiosperms
generative cell divides mitotically to form 2 male gametes before the shedding of pollen grains

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47
Q

male microsporophyll?

A

stamen

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48
Q

male gametophyte?

A

pollen grain

49
Q

male microsporangia?

A

pollen sac

50
Q

male gamete?

A

pollen

51
Q

division of carpels/pistil on the basis of no.

A
  1. MONOCAPELLARY(1)
  2. MULTICARPELLARY(more than 1)
    (i) APOCARPOUS(free)
    (ii) SYNCARPOUS(fused)
52
Q

examples of apocarpous and syncarpous?

A

APOCARPOUS: lotus, rose, michelia
SYNCARPOUS: papaver, mustard, tomato, hibiscus

53
Q

what are the parts of each pistil with definition?

A
  1. STIGMA: landing platform for pollen grain
  2. STYLE: the elongated slender portion beneath the stigma, through which the pollen tube runs
  3. OVARY: is the basal bulged portion of the carpel
54
Q

what is inside ovary?

A
  1. ovarian cavity (LOCULE) (chamber)
  2. placenta
  3. megasporangia(OVULES) arising from the placenta
55
Q

there can be either 1 or many ovules in an ovary. write examples of both.

A

ONE OVULE: wheat, paddy, mango
MANY OVULES: watermelon, papaya, orchids

56
Q

what are the parts of ovule?

A
  1. integuments(protection)
  2. micropyle
  3. chalaza
  4. nucellus
  5. embryo sac
  6. funicle
  7. hilum
57
Q

what is micropyle?

A

it is a pore or passage present on the micropylar end(tip of ovule) where integuments are absent

58
Q

what is chalaza?

A

it is the basal part of ovule which is opposite to micropylar end

59
Q

what is nucellus?

A

parenchymatous mass of cells
enclosed within the integuments
abundant reserve food
forms body of ovule

60
Q

what is embryo sac(n)?

A

embryo sac is the female gametophyte
located within the nucellus
generally single
formed from single megaspore

61
Q

what is funicle?

A

stalk which attaches ovule to the placenta

62
Q

what is hilum?

A

the point of attachment of ovule and funicle

63
Q

what are the different types of ovules based on the no. of integuments present?

A
  1. unitegmic(1)
  2. bitegmic(2)
  3. ategmic(0)
64
Q

types of ovules on the basis of the position of micropyle, funicle and chalaza?

A
  1. ORTHOTROPUS
  2. ANATROPOUS
  3. HEMIANATROPOUS
  4. CAMPYLOTROPOUS
  5. AMPHITROPOUS
  6. CIRCINOTROPOUS
65
Q

what are the features of orthotropous?

A

m,f,c lie in a straight line
primitive, simplest
straight ovule
e.g- gymnosperms, polygonum

66
Q

what are the features of anatropous?

A

inverted ovule
M lies close to hilum
typical ovule
present in 82% angiosperm families[MOST COMMON]

67
Q

what is megasporogenesis?

A

the formation of megaspore(n) from megaspore mother cell(MMC)

68
Q

how is megaspore mother cell formed?

A

one of the cells of the nucellus towards the micropylar end differentiate and functions as the MMC.

69
Q

features of MMC? further division of MMC?

A

large cell
prominent nucleus
dense cytoplasm

MMC < (meiosis-1) MEGASPORE DYAD < (meiosis-2)MEGASPORE TETRAD

70
Q

which cell of the megaspore tetrad is the functional megaspore?

A

the cell towards the chalazal end. the remaining 3 cells degenerate

71
Q

megasporophyll?

A

pistil/carpel

72
Q

megasporangia?

A

ovule

73
Q

female gametophyte?

A

embryo sac

74
Q

female gamete?

A

egg cell

75
Q

what are the 3 types of embryonic developments?

A
  1. MONOSPORIC: from 1 megaspore(rest degenerate) [most common, in 80% angiosperms]
  2. BISPORIC: from 2 megaspores
  3. TETRASPORIC: from 4 megaspores
76
Q

steps in monosporic development of embryo sac?

A

FYNCTIONAL MEGASPORE < (fnmd) 2-NUCLEATED EMBRYO SAC < (fnmd) 4-NUCLEATED EMBRYOSAC < (fnmd) 8-NUCLEATED EMBRYO SAC < (cell wall formation) EMBRYO SAC

77
Q

how many cells and nuclei does a mature embryo sac have?

A

7-celled, 8 nucleated

78
Q

how many types of cells are there in an embryo sac?

A

4

79
Q

features of synergids?

A

-occur in pair towards the micropylar end
-vacuole is towards CE
-nucleus is towards ME
-usually 1 synergids degenerates just with -pollination
-they absorb food from nucellus and transport it to the embryo sac
- also called helper cells/ co-operative cells

80
Q

what is filiform apparatus?

A

-the cell wall of synergids have cellular -thickenings called filiform apparatus.
-it is fingerlike projections which secrete chemotrophic substances
-it guides the pollen tube towards the synergids

81
Q

features of egg cell?

A
  • female gamete
    -single large cell towards ME
  • egg cell+ synergids=EGG APPARATUS
    -there is PLASMODESMATAL CONNECTIOS b/w egg cell and synergids
    -exhibits cytoplasmic polarity opposite to that of synergids[VACUOLE: ME; NUCLEUS:CE]
    -ME: cell wall is THICK
    -CE: cell wall is THIN
82
Q

features of antipodal/vegetative cells?

A

towards CE
degenerate upon fertilisation

83
Q

features of central cell?

A

largest cell of embryo sac
initially, polar nuclei(n+n) is present
|
fuse just before fertilisation
|
secondary nucleus(2n)/ definitive nucleus

84
Q

what is pollination? its types?

A

it is the transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma.
1. AUTOGAMY
2. GEITONOGAMY
3. XENOGAMY

85
Q

what is autogamy?

A

transfer of P.G. from anther to stigma of SAME FLOWER [SELF POLLINATION]

86
Q

what is geitonogamy?

A

transfer of P.G. from anther to stigma of different flower on same plant.
[functionally, ecologically: CROSS-POLLINATION][genetically:SELF-POLLINATION]

87
Q

what is xenogamy?

A

transfer of P.G. from anther to stigma of different flower on different plant [CROSS-POLLINATION]

88
Q

contrivances for self-pollination[in-breeding devices]?

A
  1. BISEXUALITY/MONOCLINY
  2. HOMOGAMY (synchrony in maturation)
  3. CLEISTOGAMY(flowers that do not open ensure 100% self-pollination)
  4. BUD POLLINATION(pollination before opening of flower)
    e.g. wheat, rice, pea
89
Q

what are the two types of flowers? produced by?

A

produced by: viola, oxalis, commelina
1. CLEISTOGAMOUS: closed flowers
2. CHASMOGAMOUS: open flowers

90
Q

types of agents for pollination?

A
  1. ABIOTIC[wind, water]- used by small proportion
    2.BIOTIC[animals]-used by majority of plants
91
Q

arrange the agents of pollination from most common to most rare.

A

animals>wind>water

92
Q

why are P.G. produced in large no. as compared to the no. of ovules present?

A

because this is a chance phenomenon and non-directional. there is great chance of loss of P.G.

93
Q

characteristics of P.G. of anemophily?

A

for easy dispersal by wind currents:
light
small
non-stick

94
Q

characteristics of stigma and stamen in anemophilous plants?

A

STIGMA: long, sticky, feathery[to trap P.G.]
STAMEN: well exposed[easy dispersal]

95
Q

no of ovules in each ovary of anemophilous flowers? inflorescence?

A

1
yes

96
Q

examples of anemophilous plants.

A

grasses
maize
wheat
sugarcane
bamboo
rice
gymnosperms

97
Q

features of hydrophily?

A

-quite rare
-limited to approx. 30 genera[mostly MONOCOTS]

98
Q

examples of freshwater and marine water plants.

A

FRESHWATER: vallisneria, hydrilla
MARINE: zostera(sea grass)

99
Q

characteristics of P.G. of hydrophilous plants?

A

light
unwettable(mucilagenous covering)

100
Q

characteristics of stigma of hydrophilous plants?

A

long
unwettable(mucilagenous covering)
sticky

101
Q

what are the two types of hydrophily with examples?

A

1.HYPOHYDROPHILY: pollination inside the water surface. e.g.- hydrilla, ceratophyllum, zostera
2.EPIHYDROPHILY: pollination on the surface of water. e.g.-vallisneria

102
Q

features of female flower of vallisneria?

A

long, coiled stalk
stalk uncoils and elongates at maturity

103
Q

describe pollination in vallisneria.

A

DIOECIOUS
female stalk uncoils and reaches surface of water
after breakage, P.G. reach water surface
reaches stigma by water currents
pollinates

104
Q

features of P.G. in zostera

A

long ribbon-like

105
Q

describe pollination in zostera

A

MONOECIOUS
female flower remains submerged in water
P.G. are carried to stigma by water currents
pollination

106
Q

how do most aquatic plants pollinate?

A

come to surface
by wind/insects

107
Q

what are the examples of aquatic plants pollinated by insects?

A

water hyacinth
water lily

108
Q

pollination by biotic agents is also called?

A

zoophily

109
Q

what is the most common insect which acts as pollinating agent?

A

bee

110
Q

what are different types of zoophily?

A

1.ENTOMOPHILY(insects) bee, moth, wasps, flies, beetles
2.ORTHINOPHILY(birds: sun birds, humming birds)
3.CHIROPTEROPHILY(BATS)
4. OPHIOPHILY(snakes)santalum
5. MALACOPHILY(snails)
6. MYRMECOPHILY(ants, termites)

111
Q

characteristics of flowers and P.G. for entomophily?

A

FLOWER: large(if small, then clustered in inflorescence)
colourful
rich in nectar
odour- good(fragrant) OR bad (foul, pollinated by flies and/or beetles)
POLLEN GRAINS: sticky

112
Q

what are the large animals which help in pollination?

A
  1. LEMUR(primate) in ravenela plant
  2. TREE-DWELLING ARBOREAL RODENTS
  3. REPTILES LIKE GECKO LIZARD AND GARDEN LIZARDS
113
Q

what are the pollen rewards for the insects?

A
  1. pollen
  2. nectar
  3. safe place to lay eggs
114
Q

explain with example the relationship of fig and fig wasp.

A

fig is pollinated by wasp
wasp, in suitable conditon, lays eggsin safe place in the flower(in ovary)
the developing seeds are fed on by the larva

115
Q

explain the relationship of yucca and pronuba moth.

A

moth lays eggs in locule of ovary
larva comes out when seeds start developing
larva feeds on seeds
yucca gets pollinated
THE LIFE CYCLES OF YUCCA AND PRONUBA MOTHS ARE NOT COMPLETE WITHOUT EACH OTHER(CAN’T LIVE WITHOUT EACH OTHER)

116
Q

what are pollen and nectar robbers with example?

A

consume pollen/nectar without bringing about pollination
e.g.- QUEEN OF BOMBUS AFFINIS steals nectar from AQUILEGIA SPURS

117
Q

describe the relationship between bee and orchid(ophrys- mediterranean orchid)

A

one of the petal modifies itself and looks like female bumblebee
male tries pseudocopulation with the flower
flower gets pollinated

118
Q

examples of insect pollinated flowers?

A

calotropis
yucca
ficus
salvia
aristolochia
centaurea

119
Q
A

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