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Reproduction > sexual reproduction > Flashcards

sexual reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is a gamete?

A

male or female reproductive cell. The cells that combine to eventually create an offspring.

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2
Q

what is a haploid

A

a cell with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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3
Q

what is a diploid

A

a cell with a complete set of chromosomes

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4
Q

what is fertilization?

A

the combining of male and female reproductive cells

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5
Q

Define sexual reproduction?

A

Two cells and their genetic material combine to produce a cell that eventually developes into an offspring. The cells that combine are called sex cells. each of the two parents contributes characteristics to the offspring. A male parent contributes one Gamete (sperm cell). The female parent contributes the other gamete called an Ovum (egg cell)

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6
Q

what are sex cells?

A

Gametes. the cells that combine that eventually become an “offspring”

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7
Q

what is a male gamete called

A

sperm cell

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8
Q

what is a female gamete called

A

Ovum or egg cell

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9
Q

where is sperm produced in humans

A

testes

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10
Q

where are Ovum/Egg cells produced in humans

A

Ovaries

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11
Q

How many sperm can fertilize an egg cell?

A

one

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12
Q

Explain fertilization in sexual reproduction?

A

the process in which male and female gametes combine. The nuclei of the two gametes fuse together to produce a single cell called a zygote. the zygote is the first cell that develops into a new organism containing the genetic information from both the sperm and the egg cell

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13
Q

what is a zygote

A

the first cell that develops into a new organism containing the genetic information from both the sperm and the egg cell.

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14
Q

how does a sperm cell penetrate an egg cell?

A

sperm cells that reach a “jelly like” coating of the egg cell release a substance that digests the egg wall and creates a path through the coating into the cell allowing them to get closer to the cell membrane of the egg.

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15
Q

what is the difference between “internal fertilization” and “external fertilization”

A

internal fertilization occurs inside the body where males have structures (ex penis) that deposit sperm near the egg or eggs. Other organisms using external fertilization which occurs outside the body of both parents happen with the female deposits eggs and males release sperm over the eggs (Think salmon spawning).

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16
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have in a cell that make up the body

A

46 divided into 23 pairs called homologous chromosomes. During fertilization each parent contributes one chromosome of each pair

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17
Q

what is the different between mitosis and meiosis?

A

In Mitosis the nucleus and genetic material in a cell divides. Meiosis is the process of producing haploid sec cells ie half the genetic material of each parent)

18
Q

what is Meiosis/ the process of meiosis?

A

a diploid cell (a cell with a complete chromosomes) dividing twice to produce four haploid cells ( a cell with half the number of chromosomes as the parent)

19
Q

what is the offspring from meiosis genetically different from their parents?

A

because the gametes that a parent produces are not all genetically the same.

20
Q

describe the stages of meosis

A

Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase 1&2

21
Q

when does human prenatal begin

A

as soon as the egg is fertilized

22
Q

how long before the zygote divides by mitosis in a human

A

30 hours

23
Q

during which part of human development are cells dividing by meiosis? and Mitosis?

A
24
Q

can fungi and yeast reproduce sexually and asexually?

A

yes. Both.

25
Q

what is the purpose of mating rituals and behaviours?

A

attract mates

26
Q

can and how plants sexually reproduce?

A

plants grown from seeds need fertilization. for fertilization to occur pollen must be transferred by the wind or by animals such as birds or bees. (Ie that’s why they call it “the birds and the bees”)

27
Q

how are the terms gamete fertilization and zygote related?

A
28
Q

how many chromosomes does each body’s cell have?

A

38

29
Q

how many chromosomes will be in the zygote of a cat?

A
30
Q

why is meiosis important?

A
31
Q

how many cells are produced for every cell that undergoes meiosis?

A
32
Q

how do parent and daughter cells differ genetically?

A
33
Q

how do daughter cells compare to each other?

A
34
Q

explain how sexual reproduction was able to breed the Labradoodle (Labradour retriever and poodle)?

A
35
Q

explain how twins exist and the different types of twins?

A
36
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

only one parent needed. occurs quickly. offspring can reproduce quickly (because formed matured immediately). genetically identical to parent (and if environment similar to that of its parent will survive and thrive)

37
Q

what are the dissadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

if the environment within which their parents survived is different when produced they will struggle to survive. if there is lack of diversity in the population it meals all the individuals of the poplulation are vulnerable to change.

38
Q

what is genetic variation?

A

Makes Members of a poplution unique due to small variations of the DNA sequences through the process of sexual reproduction. Variation in the DNA sequences of each individual of a species.

39
Q

what is the value of genetic diversity?

A

Genetic diversity may allow at least some individuals to survive. If surviving members of the population reproduce, their genetic information (on how to survive) is passed on - and a new generation survives.

40
Q

what are the dissadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • search for a mate might expose individuals to predators, disease, harsh conditions which can delay reproduction and an organisms ability to become established in its environment.
  • Fewer offspring tend to be produced which means it takes longer for a population to grow
  • Offspring take longer to grow and reach maturity before they can produce sex cells and reproduce themselves
  • offspring require substantial amount of time and energy to raise until they are indedpendent from the protection of one or both parents

Reproduction (2 decks)

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