Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 3a > Sexual Health > Flashcards

Sexual Health Flashcards

1
Q

Treatment for BV?

A

Metronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does chlamydia present in females?

A
  • increased / purulent vaginal discharge
  • post-coital / inter-menstrual bleeding
  • deep dyspareunia
  • pelvic pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does chlamydia present in males?

A
  • urethral discharge
  • dysuria
  • reactive arthritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causative organism of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Risk factors for chlamydia?

A
  • young
  • sexually active
  • multiple partners
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pathophysiology of chlamydia?

A
  • gram-negative bacteria
  • intracellular - enters and replicates within cells which then rupture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many cases of chlamydia are asymptomatic?

A
  • 50% cases in men
  • 75% cases in women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does chlamydia present in females?

A
  • abnormal vaginal discharge (increased / purulent)
  • pelvic pain and tenderness
  • inter-menstrual / post-coital
  • dyspareunia
  • dysuria
  • cervical motion tenderness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does chlamydia present in males?

A
  • urethral discharge
  • dysuria
  • epididymo-orchitis
  • reactive arthritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does chlamydia screening work?

A
  • sexually active under-25s
  • annual test / test when sexual partner changes
  • re-test 3 months later (to ensure they have not been reinfected)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is chlamydia diagnosed?

A

Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the order of sample preference for chlamydia NAAT in females?

A
  1. Endocervical swab.
  2. Vulvovaginal swab.
  3. First-catch urine sample.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where can samples be taken for chlamydia NAAT in males?

A
  • First-catch urine sample.
  • Urethral swab.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What other sample sites could be considered for chlamydia NAAT?

A
  • rectal swab (anal sex)
  • pharyngeal swab (oral sex)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

First-line management of chlamydia?

A

Doxycycline 100mg BD for 7 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When should doxycycline not be given for chlamydia?

A

Pregnancy and breastfeeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Alternative treatment for chlamydia if pregnant / breastfeeding?

A
  • erythromycin 500mg QDS for 7 days
  • amoxicillin 500mg TDS for 7 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Additional management of chlamydia (apart from antibiotics)?

A
  • abstain from sex for 7 days
  • contact tracing & partner notification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When should test of cure be done for chlamydia?

A
  • rectal cases
  • pregnancy
  • symptoms persist after treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Complications of chlamydia?

A
  • PID
  • infertility
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • epididymo-orchitis
  • conjunctivitis
  • lymphogranuloma venereum
  • reactive arthritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Complications of chlamydia in pregnancy?

A
  • preterm delivery
  • low birth weight
  • postpartum endometritis
  • neonatal infection - conjunctivitis, pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Complication of chlamydia, affects the lymphoid tissue around the site of infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which group does lymphogranuloma venereum most commonly affect?

A

Men who have sex with men.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Primary stage of lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Painless ulcer on the penis / vaginal wall / rectum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Secondary stage of lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Lymphadenitis of the inguinal / femoral lymph nodes - swelling, inflammation and pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tertiary stage of lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Proctitis - anal pain, change in bowel habit, tenesmus, discharge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is lymphogranuloma venereum treated?

A

Doxycycline 100mg BD for 21 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pathophysiology of gonorrhoea?

A
  • gram-negative diplococcus
  • infects mucous membranes with a columnar epithelium (endocervix, urethra, rectum, conjunctiva, pharynx)
  • spreads via contact with mucous secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Risk factors for gonorrhoea?

A
  • young people
  • sexually active
  • multiple partners
  • other STIs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How many people with gonorrhoea are symptomatic?

A
  • 90% of men
  • 50% of women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Clinical presentation of gonorrhoea in females?

A
  • odourless purulent discharge (yellow / green)
  • dysuria
  • pelvic pain
32
Q

Clinical presentation of gonorrhoea in males?

A
  • odourless purulent discharge (yellow / green)
  • dysuria
  • epididymo-orchitis
33
Q

How is gonorrhoea diagnosed?

A
  • NAAT
  • charcoal swab for microscopy, culture & sensitivities
34
Q

Where can NAAT swabs for gonorrhoea be taken in females?

A
  • endocervical
  • vulvovaginal
  • first-catch urine
35
Q

Where should the charcoal swab for gonorrhoea be taken in females?

A

Endocervix

36
Q

What additional swabs might be taken for gonorrhoea? (E.g. in men who have sex with men).

A
  • rectal
  • pharyngeal
37
Q

How is gonorrhoea managed?

A
  • refer to GUM clinic
  • abstain from sex for 7 days
  • contact tracing & partner notification
  • IM ceftriaxone 1g (if sensitivities unknown)
  • oral ciprofloxacin 500mg (if sensitivities known)
  • test of cure (due to high antibiotic resistance)
38
Q

How should test of cure be done for gonorrhoea?

A
  • NAAT if asymptomatic
  • cultures if symptomatic
39
Q

Complications of gonorrhoea?

A
  • PID
  • infertility
  • epididymo-orchitis
  • prostatitis
  • conjunctivitis
  • disseminated gonococcal infection
  • Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
  • septic arthritis
  • endocarditis
40
Q

Neonatal complications of gonorrhoea?

A
  • ophthalmia neonatorum
  • medical emergency, associated with sepsis, eye perforation, blindness
41
Q

What is disseminated gonococcal infection?

A

Bacteria spread to skin & joints.

42
Q

How does disseminated gonococcal infection present?

A
  • skin lesions
  • polyarthralgia
  • tenosynovitis
  • systemic symptoms (fever, fatigue)
43
Q

What is bacterial vaginosis?

A

Overgrowth of (anaerobic) bacteria in the vagina, due to loss of lactobacilli.

44
Q

Risk factors for BV?

A
  • excessive vaginal cleaning
  • recent antibiotics
  • multiple sexual partners
  • smoking
  • copper IUD
45
Q

Pathophysiology of BV?

A
  • lactobacilli are the main component of vaginal bacterial flora
  • they produce lactic acid and keep vaginal pH low (< 4.5), preventing overgrowth of other bacteria
  • decreased lactobacilli causes a rise in vaginal pH, enabling anaerobic bacteria to multiply
46
Q

Which bacteria are commonly responsible for BV?

A
  • gardnerella vaginalis
  • mycoplasma hominis
  • prevotella species
47
Q

How many women with BV are asymptomatic?

A

50%

48
Q

How does BV present?

A
  • fishy-smelling watery grey / white discharge
  • itching, irritation and pain suggest co-occurring infection (or alternative cause) - not typically associated with BV alone
49
Q

How is BV investigated?

A
  • vaginal pH > 4.5
  • charcoal vaginal swab for microscopy - shows clue cells
50
Q

How is BV managed?

A
  • metronidazole (oral or vaginal gel) - patients must avoid alcohol
  • swabs for chlamydia & gonorrhoea
  • advise to avoid vaginal irrigation or cleaning with soaps
51
Q

What complications can arise from BV?

A

Increased risk of catching STIs

52
Q

Pregnancy complications from BV?

A
  • miscarriage
  • preterm delivery
  • chorioamnionitis
  • low birth weight
  • postpartum endometritis
53
Q

What is trichomoniasis?

A

Sexually transmitted parasite infection.

54
Q

Pathophysiology of trichomoniasis?

A
  • protozoan, single-celled organism with flagella
  • lives in the urethra and vagina
55
Q

How many patients with trichomoniasis have symptoms?

A

50%

56
Q

How does trichomoniasis present?

A
  • vaginal discharge (frothy, yellow-green, fishy smell)
  • itching
  • dysuria
  • dyspareunia
  • balanitis
  • strawberry cervix
57
Q

What investigations should be done for trichomoniasis?

A
  • vaginal pH > 4.5
  • charcoal swab with microscopy (posterior vaginal fornix in females or urethra / urine in males)
58
Q

How is trichomoniasis managed?

A
  • refer to GUM clinic
  • contact tracing & partner notification
  • metronidazole
59
Q

Why can’t you drink alcohol when taking metronidazole?

A

Causes nausea & vomiting, flushing, occasionally shock & angioedema.

60
Q

What is the causative organism in syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum bacteria

61
Q

How is syphilis transmitted?

A
  • mainly sexually transmitted
  • vertical transmission in pregnancy
  • contaminated needles
62
Q

What type of bacteria is treponema pallidum?

A
  • gram-negative bacteria
  • spirochete
63
Q

Incubation period of syphilis?

A

21 days

64
Q

How does primary syphilis present?

A
  • painless genital ulcer - chancre
  • resolves over 3-8 weeks
  • local lymphadenopathy
65
Q

How does secondary syphilis present?

A
  • occurs after chancre has healed
  • maculopapular rash
  • condylomata lata
  • low-grade fever
  • lymphadenopathy
  • alopecia
  • oral lesions
66
Q

How does tertiary syphilis present?

A
  • gummatous lesions (skin, organs, bones)
  • aortic aneurysms
  • neurosyphilis
67
Q

How does neurosyphilis present?

A
  • headache
  • altered behaviour
  • dementia
  • tabes dorsalis
  • ocular syphilis
  • paralysis
  • sensory impairment
  • Argyll-Robertson pupil (often irregularly shaped, accommodates but does not react to light)
68
Q

What is tabes dorsalis?

A

Demyelination of posterior columns of the spinal cord.

69
Q

What investigations are done for syphilis?

A
  • antibody testing (screening test)
  • infection site samples for dark field microscopy & PCR
  • rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and VDRL tests
70
Q

What are rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) tests?

A
  • non-specific but sensitive tests for active syphilis infection
  • assess quantity of antibodies produced (higher number of antibodies = greater chance of active disease
  • often produce false positive results
71
Q

How is syphilis managed?

A
  • GUM clinic referral
  • avoid sexual activity until treated
  • contact tracing and partner notification
  • single deep IM dose of benzylpenicillin
72
Q

Pathophysiology of herpes?

A
  • spread through direct contact with affected mucous membranes / viral shedding in mucous secretions
  • after initial infection, HSV becomes latent in the associated sensory nerve ganglia and can be reactivated
  • HSV-1 is most associated with cold sores (or genital herpes contracted through oral sex)
  • HSV-2 is most associated with genital herpes
73
Q

How does genital herpes present?

A
  • genital ulcers
  • neuropathic pain
  • flu-like symptoms
  • dysuria
  • inguinal lymphadenopathy
74
Q

How is genital herpes diagnosed?

A

Clinical diagnosis - viral PCR from a lesion can confirm the diagnosis.

75
Q

Management of genital herpes?

A
  • refer to GUM clinic
  • aciclovir
  • analgesia - paracetamol, topical lidocaine 2% gel
  • advice - topical Vaseline, additional oral fluids, wear loose clothing, avoid intercourse with symptoms
76
Q

How does Kaposi’s sarcoma present?

A

Lesions on the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs - appear as red / purple / brown patches or nodules.

Phase 3a (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions