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Sexual ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Give two quotes from Genesis 19

A
  • “I have two daughters who are still virgins. Let me bring them out to you and you can do whatever you want with them”
  • “There are no men… Let’s make our father drunk so that we can… have children by him”
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2
Q

What is a civil partnership?

A

A legally recognised union between two people of the same sex

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3
Q

Give a quote from Leviticus 20:13

A

You shall not lie with a man as with a woman… those that do shall be put to death

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4
Q

What is significant about the law and homosexuality in the years 1275, 1885, 1967 and 1994?

A

1275 - First age of consent was set at the age of 12
1885 - Criminal Law Amendment Act raised consent to 16
1967 - Homosexuality was legalised for ages 21+
1994 - Homosexual sex was legalised for ages 18+ and currently stands same as heterosexual relationships

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5
Q

What is the law on homosexuality in Iran?

A

Punishable by death

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6
Q

What is the view of Liberal Protestants?

A

The Bible reflects Judaism at the time and not God’s teachings, therefore they promote equality for faithful homosexuals

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7
Q

What is the approach of natural law to homosexuality?

A
  • Right and wrong is fixed, homosexuality is wrong
  • Gay sex is an apparent not real good as it breaks primary precepts because life cannot come from it
    x conflicting precepts e.g. homosexual adoption
    x Aquinas says homosexuality is unnatural - false
    x Sex doesn’t always have to be for reproductive purposes
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8
Q

What is the Kantian approach to homosexuality?

A
  • People cannot be treated as a means
  • Actions must be universalised but universalising reproduction as a requirement of sex would make homosexuality unethical
  • Kant: homosexuality is wrong and degrades people lower than animals
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9
Q

Evaluate Kant’s approach to homosexuality

A
  • Kant rejects surrogacy and adoption as a resolve because it is not universal
  • Kant’s views may be different now same sex marriage is allowed
  • Acceptable if people are not treated as a means
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10
Q

Describe the view of Arthur Schopenhaur in response to Kant’s view of homosexuality

A

A means of preventing greater evils e.g. unwanted children

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11
Q

Describe the approach of situation ethics to homosexuality

A

If a same-sex couple can find a meaningful relationship that would justify breaking traditional norms (pragmatic approach)

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12
Q

Describe a utilitarian approach to homosexuality

A
  • Hedonic calculus legitimises homosexuality to maximise pleasure
  • In situations where the majority view it a sin then it should be prohibited
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13
Q

Evaluate the utilitarian approach to homosexuality

A
  • Centralises happiness
  • Short term happiness is not worth long term misery
  • Calculations cannot consider emotional attachments
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14
Q

What do J.S.Mill and P.Singer believe in regards to homosexuality?

A

JSM - it should be allowed to prevent mass prejudice and restriction of rights
PS - countries should not outlaw a morally neutral activity

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15
Q

What is the natural law approach to extra-marital sex?

A
  • Adultery is wrong and doesn’t support the precepts
  • Apparent not a real good
  • Excludes possibility of morality e.g. resolve infertility
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16
Q

Describe the Kantian approach to extra-marital sex

A
  • Increases individual freedom and requirement to take moral duty for others
  • Adultery is not universal as meaningless sex desecrates sanctity of marriage
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17
Q

Evaluate the Kantian approach to extra-marital sex

A
  • Sex is not the only reason to get married

- Makes women vulnerable to abuse

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18
Q

Describe the situation ethics approach to extra-marital sex

A
  • Interests of an individual may permit breaking moral rules
  • Not committing adultery to follow laws doesn’t create a happy marriage
  • E.g. a married women PoW asks a guard to impregnate her so she can be set free
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19
Q

Evaluate the Situation ethics approach to extra-marital sex

A
  • Can be loving
  • Cannot be used as a basis of theory
  • Risks the happiness of children
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20
Q

Describe the utilitarian approach to extra-marital sex

A

Hedonistic pleasure rather than a wider sense of well-being could legitimise a free, unregulated approach to sexual behaviour to maximise pleasure

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21
Q

Evaluate the utilitarian view towards extra-marital sex

A
  • Rule utilitarians: adultery is wrong
  • Can lead to great unhappiness e.g. STIs and unwanted pregnancies
  • Cheating causes unhappiness to loyal partner
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22
Q

Why do some Protestant Churches allow cohabitation before marriage?

A

CofE allows couples committed to marriage to cohabit as a trial marriage

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23
Q

Give a quote from the Quakers regarding pre-marital sex

A

“A couple can be faithful to each other in a loving, non-exploitative relationships outside of marriage”

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24
Q

Give a quote from Jesus in Matthew 5:27-28

A

“I tell you, anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart”

25
Describe the views of Adolf Garunbaum
Christian sexual ethics is based on narrow minded views from old men who claim it is what God wants and Christianity should modernise
26
What type of ethical system prohibits homosexual sex?
Theocentric (Having God at the core)
27
Apply the ethics of natural law to pre-marital sex
- Does not support Aquinas' precepts and is not sustainable within a society - Apparent not real good
28
Evaluate the natural law approach to pre-marital sex
- Sex is what makes marriage sacred | - Sex is not an expression of love but a procreative function
29
Apply and evaluate the approach of situation ethics to pre-marital sex
- Free choice by love - Permissible if protected - Doesn't support accidental pregnancy
30
Apply a Kantian approach to pre-marital sex
- Makes least powerful partner vulnerable to abuse - Encourages people to take moral duty and express free will - Marriage gives both people common will and so they are both treated as ends - Supported if protected
31
Evaluate Kant's approach to pre-marital sex
- Neglects emotion | - Morally degrading
32
Describe the utilitarian approach to pre-marital sex
- Liberating - Adultery is wrong - Bentham: makes the female partner vulnerable - Mill: right to choose - Implications on society
33
Romans 1:26-27 "Even women (1) the natural use of their sex by (2). In the same way men give up natural sexual (3) with women and (4) for passions with each other"
1 - pervert 2 - unnatural acts 3 - elations 4 - burn
34
Give a quote from Matthew 7:1-2 on judgement
Do not judge or you too will be judged for with what measure you judge others, it shall be measured against you
35
Define 'betrothal'
Traditionally, the exchange of promises which in earlier times marked when sex was permitted
36
Define 'consummation'
An act of sexual intercourse that in some cultures finalises marriage
37
Define 'holy grail'
Sexual pleasure and satisfaction
38
Describe Sigmund Freud' view of sex
Human sexuality is the defining feature of our personalities
39
In what Biblical passage is a woman condemned to stoning for committing adultery?
John 8:1-11
40
How have cohabitation trends changed in England?
1960s - less than 1 in 20 cohabited but this has increased to over half today
41
Describe sex in Anglo-Saxon England
Spouses pledged themselves in a betrothal ceremony to allow them to have sex, a formal wedding ceremony came after
42
Why does the Catholic Church not allow pre-marital sex?
Does not express fidelity and so is a grave sin
43
What is Adrian Thatcher's view of premarital sex?
Long tradition that locates commitment at betrothal not marriage
44
Describe Christianity's two approaches to premarital sex
- Reject new social norms - Encourages positive engagement beyond exclusion and does not accept casual sex but sees it as a stepping stone to marriage
45
How do Christianity's approach to divorce differ?
Catholic - Forbidden Protestants - allow divorce in exceptional circumstances Since Vatican 2 council there have been more annulments (1962-65) New Testament - warns Christians against adultery but allows remarriage when a spouse has been adulterous
46
Describe the view of Lisa Sowle Cahill
The Church's position against divorce originated to limit man's ability to manipulate marriage for power and wealth
47
How was marriage contracted in Western medieval tribes?
1 - Abduction and rape 2 - Purchase 3 - Consent
48
Describe marriage and divorce in Western medieval tribes
- Wealthy men had concubines (lower status women living with him and his wife to act as wives) - Polygamy for men was common but adultery was a crime that only women were accused of - Divorce was a male perogative
49
Give a quote from 1 Corinthians 6:9-11
"Men who have sex with men will not inherit the Kingdom of God"
50
Describe the views of Gareth Moore
Christians follow a law in Leviticus which says sex between men is immoral but they ignore the passage that advocates beheading as a punishment therefore ignoring inconvenient laws but pursue those affecting minority groups
51
Describe the views of Peter Vardy
Paul's notion of homosexuality being impure contradicts the general rejection of the Jewish view that impurity is found elsewhere in the New Testament
52
Describe the views of the Anglican Church on homosexuality
- Opposes same-sex marriage and requires gay clergy members to stay celibate - Gay couple refused communion and presented with a book on how to be straight - 2003, Jeffrey John refused his nomination to be bishop of the CofE church because of the controversy caused by his sexual orientation
53
Describe the views of the Catholic Church on homosexuality
- No sin in homosexual inclination | - No unjust treatment of LGBT tolerated
54
Describe the views of Kate Saunders and the name of her book
'Catholics and sex: From Purity to Purgatory' 1992 | - Catholic cardinals fuelled intolerance e.g. 1991 Polish Cardinal Glemp referred to homosexuals as 'backyard mongrels'
55
Give a quote from Pope Francis regarding homosexuality
"If a person is gay and seeks God and has good will, who am I to judge"
56
Describe the views of B.A.Robinson
Liberal Christians within the Methodist Church consider gay and lesbian ordination and same sex marriage as civil rights issues, homosexuality is normal and not freely chosen
57
Describe John Stuart Mill's views in his book 'On Liberty' in 1859
Individuals should be protected from unnecessary illegal oversight and social attitudes against minorities Religion forbids behaviours and prevents a liberal society, marriage relegates women to be slaves
58
Describe the views of Amartya Sen
Society should only intervene on matters causing harm in the interest of human well being, people need: - Bodily integrity including sexual satisfaction - Emotional attachments

Ethics 7 (9 decks)

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