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Ethics 7 > Sexual ethics > Flashcards

Sexual ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Give two quotes from Genesis 19

A
  • “I have two daughters who are still virgins. Let me bring them out to you and you can do whatever you want with them”
  • “There are no men… Let’s make our father drunk so that we can… have children by him”
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2
Q

What is a civil partnership?

A

A legally recognised union between two people of the same sex

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3
Q

Give a quote from Leviticus 20:13

A

You shall not lie with a man as with a woman… those that do shall be put to death

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4
Q

What is significant about the law and homosexuality in the years 1275, 1885, 1967 and 1994?

A

1275 - First age of consent was set at the age of 12
1885 - Criminal Law Amendment Act raised consent to 16
1967 - Homosexuality was legalised for ages 21+
1994 - Homosexual sex was legalised for ages 18+ and currently stands same as heterosexual relationships

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5
Q

What is the law on homosexuality in Iran?

A

Punishable by death

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6
Q

What is the view of Liberal Protestants?

A

The Bible reflects Judaism at the time and not God’s teachings, therefore they promote equality for faithful homosexuals

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7
Q

What is the approach of natural law to homosexuality?

A
  • Right and wrong is fixed, homosexuality is wrong
  • Gay sex is an apparent not real good as it breaks primary precepts because life cannot come from it
    x conflicting precepts e.g. homosexual adoption
    x Aquinas says homosexuality is unnatural - false
    x Sex doesn’t always have to be for reproductive purposes
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8
Q

What is the Kantian approach to homosexuality?

A
  • People cannot be treated as a means
  • Actions must be universalised but universalising reproduction as a requirement of sex would make homosexuality unethical
  • Kant: homosexuality is wrong and degrades people lower than animals
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9
Q

Evaluate Kant’s approach to homosexuality

A
  • Kant rejects surrogacy and adoption as a resolve because it is not universal
  • Kant’s views may be different now same sex marriage is allowed
  • Acceptable if people are not treated as a means
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10
Q

Describe the view of Arthur Schopenhaur in response to Kant’s view of homosexuality

A

A means of preventing greater evils e.g. unwanted children

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11
Q

Describe the approach of situation ethics to homosexuality

A

If a same-sex couple can find a meaningful relationship that would justify breaking traditional norms (pragmatic approach)

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12
Q

Describe a utilitarian approach to homosexuality

A
  • Hedonic calculus legitimises homosexuality to maximise pleasure
  • In situations where the majority view it a sin then it should be prohibited
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13
Q

Evaluate the utilitarian approach to homosexuality

A
  • Centralises happiness
  • Short term happiness is not worth long term misery
  • Calculations cannot consider emotional attachments
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14
Q

What do J.S.Mill and P.Singer believe in regards to homosexuality?

A

JSM - it should be allowed to prevent mass prejudice and restriction of rights
PS - countries should not outlaw a morally neutral activity

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15
Q

What is the natural law approach to extra-marital sex?

A
  • Adultery is wrong and doesn’t support the precepts
  • Apparent not a real good
  • Excludes possibility of morality e.g. resolve infertility
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16
Q

Describe the Kantian approach to extra-marital sex

A
  • Increases individual freedom and requirement to take moral duty for others
  • Adultery is not universal as meaningless sex desecrates sanctity of marriage
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17
Q

Evaluate the Kantian approach to extra-marital sex

A
  • Sex is not the only reason to get married

- Makes women vulnerable to abuse

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18
Q

Describe the situation ethics approach to extra-marital sex

A
  • Interests of an individual may permit breaking moral rules
  • Not committing adultery to follow laws doesn’t create a happy marriage
  • E.g. a married women PoW asks a guard to impregnate her so she can be set free
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19
Q

Evaluate the Situation ethics approach to extra-marital sex

A
  • Can be loving
  • Cannot be used as a basis of theory
  • Risks the happiness of children
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20
Q

Describe the utilitarian approach to extra-marital sex

A

Hedonistic pleasure rather than a wider sense of well-being could legitimise a free, unregulated approach to sexual behaviour to maximise pleasure

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21
Q

Evaluate the utilitarian view towards extra-marital sex

A
  • Rule utilitarians: adultery is wrong
  • Can lead to great unhappiness e.g. STIs and unwanted pregnancies
  • Cheating causes unhappiness to loyal partner
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22
Q

Why do some Protestant Churches allow cohabitation before marriage?

A

CofE allows couples committed to marriage to cohabit as a trial marriage

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23
Q

Give a quote from the Quakers regarding pre-marital sex

A

“A couple can be faithful to each other in a loving, non-exploitative relationships outside of marriage”

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24
Q

Give a quote from Jesus in Matthew 5:27-28

A

“I tell you, anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart”

25
Q

Describe the views of Adolf Garunbaum

A

Christian sexual ethics is based on narrow minded views from old men who claim it is what God wants and Christianity should modernise

26
Q

What type of ethical system prohibits homosexual sex?

A

Theocentric (Having God at the core)

27
Q

Apply the ethics of natural law to pre-marital sex

A
  • Does not support Aquinas’ precepts and is not sustainable within a society
  • Apparent not real good
28
Q

Evaluate the natural law approach to pre-marital sex

A
  • Sex is what makes marriage sacred

- Sex is not an expression of love but a procreative function

29
Q

Apply and evaluate the approach of situation ethics to pre-marital sex

A
  • Free choice by love
  • Permissible if protected
  • Doesn’t support accidental pregnancy
30
Q

Apply a Kantian approach to pre-marital sex

A
  • Makes least powerful partner vulnerable to abuse
  • Encourages people to take moral duty and express free will
  • Marriage gives both people common will and so they are both treated as ends
  • Supported if protected
31
Q

Evaluate Kant’s approach to pre-marital sex

A
  • Neglects emotion

- Morally degrading

32
Q

Describe the utilitarian approach to pre-marital sex

A
  • Liberating
  • Adultery is wrong
  • Bentham: makes the female partner vulnerable
  • Mill: right to choose
  • Implications on society
33
Q

Romans 1:26-27
“Even women (1) the natural use of their sex by (2). In the same way men give up natural sexual (3) with women and (4) for passions with each other”

A

1 - pervert
2 - unnatural acts
3 - elations
4 - burn

34
Q

Give a quote from Matthew 7:1-2 on judgement

A

Do not judge or you too will be judged for with what measure you judge others, it shall be measured against you

35
Q

Define ‘betrothal’

A

Traditionally, the exchange of promises which in earlier times marked when sex was permitted

36
Q

Define ‘consummation’

A

An act of sexual intercourse that in some cultures finalises marriage

37
Q

Define ‘holy grail’

A

Sexual pleasure and satisfaction

38
Q

Describe Sigmund Freud’ view of sex

A

Human sexuality is the defining feature of our personalities

39
Q

In what Biblical passage is a woman condemned to stoning for committing adultery?

A

John 8:1-11

40
Q

How have cohabitation trends changed in England?

A

1960s - less than 1 in 20 cohabited but this has increased to over half today

41
Q

Describe sex in Anglo-Saxon England

A

Spouses pledged themselves in a betrothal ceremony to allow them to have sex, a formal wedding ceremony came after

42
Q

Why does the Catholic Church not allow pre-marital sex?

A

Does not express fidelity and so is a grave sin

43
Q

What is Adrian Thatcher’s view of premarital sex?

A

Long tradition that locates commitment at betrothal not marriage

44
Q

Describe Christianity’s two approaches to premarital sex

A
  • Reject new social norms
  • Encourages positive engagement beyond exclusion and does not accept casual sex but sees it as a stepping stone to marriage
45
Q

How do Christianity’s approach to divorce differ?

A

Catholic - Forbidden
Protestants - allow divorce in exceptional circumstances
Since Vatican 2 council there have been more annulments (1962-65)
New Testament - warns Christians against adultery but allows remarriage when a spouse has been adulterous

46
Q

Describe the view of Lisa Sowle Cahill

A

The Church’s position against divorce originated to limit man’s ability to manipulate marriage for power and wealth

47
Q

How was marriage contracted in Western medieval tribes?

A

1 - Abduction and rape
2 - Purchase
3 - Consent

48
Q

Describe marriage and divorce in Western medieval tribes

A
  • Wealthy men had concubines (lower status women living with him and his wife to act as wives)
  • Polygamy for men was common but adultery was a crime that only women were accused of
  • Divorce was a male perogative
49
Q

Give a quote from 1 Corinthians 6:9-11

A

“Men who have sex with men will not inherit the Kingdom of God”

50
Q

Describe the views of Gareth Moore

A

Christians follow a law in Leviticus which says sex between men is immoral but they ignore the passage that advocates beheading as a punishment therefore ignoring inconvenient laws but pursue those affecting minority groups

51
Q

Describe the views of Peter Vardy

A

Paul’s notion of homosexuality being impure contradicts the general rejection of the Jewish view that impurity is found elsewhere in the New Testament

52
Q

Describe the views of the Anglican Church on homosexuality

A
  • Opposes same-sex marriage and requires gay clergy members to stay celibate
  • Gay couple refused communion and presented with a book on how to be straight
  • 2003, Jeffrey John refused his nomination to be bishop of the CofE church because of the controversy caused by his sexual orientation
53
Q

Describe the views of the Catholic Church on homosexuality

A
  • No sin in homosexual inclination

- No unjust treatment of LGBT tolerated

54
Q

Describe the views of Kate Saunders and the name of her book

A

‘Catholics and sex: From Purity to Purgatory’ 1992

- Catholic cardinals fuelled intolerance e.g. 1991 Polish Cardinal Glemp referred to homosexuals as ‘backyard mongrels’

55
Q

Give a quote from Pope Francis regarding homosexuality

A

“If a person is gay and seeks God and has good will, who am I to judge”

56
Q

Describe the views of B.A.Robinson

A

Liberal Christians within the Methodist Church consider gay and lesbian ordination and same sex marriage as civil rights issues, homosexuality is normal and not freely chosen

57
Q

Describe John Stuart Mill’s views in his book ‘On Liberty’ in 1859

A

Individuals should be protected from unnecessary illegal oversight and social attitudes against minorities
Religion forbids behaviours and prevents a liberal society, marriage relegates women to be slaves

58
Q

Describe the views of Amartya Sen

A

Society should only intervene on matters causing harm in the interest of human well being, people need:

  • Bodily integrity including sexual satisfaction
  • Emotional attachments

Ethics 7 (9 decks)

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