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Sexual ethics Flashcards

1
Q

How many more couples cohabit now compared to before 1980?

A

Before 1983, 3 out of 10 couples cohabited, this is now closer to 8 out of 10.

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2
Q

How many men in 1990 believed that same sex partnerships were ‘not at all wrong’?

A

1 in 4 men.

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3
Q

How many men now believe that same sex partnerships are ‘not wrong at all’?

A

Half of men (down from 1 in 4)

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4
Q

Why have attitudes towards sex changed?

A

A decline of the significance of religious authority within society.

Sex is no longer viewed purely as a means to reproduce - shown in the introduction of contraception.

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5
Q

What did the Archbishop say about William and Kate cohabiting before they were married and why is this controversial?

A

‘some people want to test the milk before they buy the cow’

The monarchy are the head of the church, this goes against church teachings.

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6
Q

What does the Catholic church believe marriage is?

A

A sacrament - this changes you and cannot be undone.

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7
Q

What do the Catholic Church believe about sex after divorce with someone other than your spouse?

A

This is considered adultery because marriage is indissoluble.

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8
Q

What was the wedding of Cana?

A

Where Jesus performed his first miracle and turned water into wine.

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9
Q

What did the wedding of Cana affirm to the Catholic church?

A

This confirmed God’s approval of marriage as a good thing and a sacrament.

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10
Q

What do the Catholic church say about sexual intercourse outside of marriage?

A

It is a ‘free union’ in which a couple have refused ‘to give juridical and public form of liaison involving sexual intimacy’.

This means they have an inability to make long term commitments.

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11
Q

What do the Protestant church believe marriage is?

A

Covenantal - promises made to each other and God.

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12
Q

What does the Church of England book state about cohabitation?

A

‘cohabitation is, for many people, a step along the way towards that fuller and more complete fulfillment’

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13
Q

Who has a more progressive attitude towards sex?

A

Protestant church

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14
Q

What quote from Leviticus shows the old Testament views on extramarital sex?

A

‘if a man commits adultery with the wife of his neighbor, both the adulterer and the adulteress shall be put to death’

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15
Q

What does Leviticus’ teachings on extramarital sex show about views towards women?

A

Women were viewed as the temptress and were always at fault.

Punishments vary and are less severe for men.

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16
Q

What does the story of the adulterous women show about adultery?

A

Adultery is wrong but it can be forgiven.

‘Go, and sin no more’

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17
Q

What quote from Corinthians talks about adultery and the Kingdom of God?

A

‘Neither the sexually immoral not adulterers … will inherit the Kingdom of God’

Adulterers don’t go to heaven, but can be forgiven.

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18
Q

What quote from Matthew shows that adultery means you can get a divorce?

A

‘I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except from sexual immorality, and marries another woman commits adultery’.

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19
Q

Why is marriage so important and what does this show about extramarital relationships?

A

Lifetime, monogamous commitment.
Emotional bonding through a sexual relationship.
Provides a stable family environment.

Extramarital relationships break down trust and destroy the bonds of marriage.

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20
Q

What are Christian responses to extramarital sex today.

A

Serious breach of wedding vows.

Blame placed equally.

Adultery can be justification for a divorce or an annulment.

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21
Q

When does Augustine believe sexual intercourse should take place?

A

When procreation is possible, sex is meant to procreate and not for pleasure, therefore anything other than procreation is a sin.

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22
Q

What proved to Augustine that sex should only be to procreate?

A

After the Fall, Adam and Eve would not have been able to control their pleasures due to concupiscence.

Shows why sex cannot be out of pleasure.

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23
Q

What does Augustine believe about denying the requesting party of sex?

A

If one partner requested sex when procreation was not possible. they would be burdened with sin.

However the responding party would have to oblige to the request.

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24
Q

What quote from Corinthians supports Augustine’s views on denying sex?

A

‘Do not refuse one another’.

25
What are three reasons why the Catholic church rejects homosexuality?
God made humans male and female. Heterosexual sex is seen as the proper place for sexual expression. Homeosexuality is forbidden in the bible.
26
What quote from the Bible supports the Catholic church's rejection of homosexuality?
'Be fruitful and multiply'
27
How does the Catholic church put their beliefs on homosexuality into practice today?
In 2005, the Vatican explicitly banned homosexuals from becoming clergy (priests etc.) Homosexual marriage or blessings is denied in the catholic church.
28
What are three reasons why the Anglican church accepts homosexuality more readily?
Biblical passages need to be contextualised if understood. Texts often refer to sex with minors rather than committed relationships. Christians have altered their views over many issues (women, slavery, divorce), so why not homosexuality?
29
How does the Anglican church put their beliefs on homosexuality into practice today?
The churches can 'opt in' to officiating homosexual marriage as it was legalised in 2013. In 1963, the Quaker report on sex interpreted Jesus' 'love thy neighbor' whether same sex or not. Homosexual members of the clergy are accepted.
30
What does 'malakos' mean?
An adjective meaning 'soft'.
31
How did Aristotle use the word 'malakos'?
He used it to describe men who lack control and excessively desire.
32
What does Perry Kea note about the use of the word 'malakos'?
The word is never used in Greek to reference homosexual acts and how they should be condemned. Later church traditions applied the term to masturbation.
33
What does arsenokoites mean?
It joins together the words male and bed and in plural terms implies 'those men who take other men to bed'.
34
What does Dale Martin note about the word arsenokoites?
He argues that the meaning of the word is determined by how it is used.
35
What is a quote for arsenokoites and how does Dale Martin show how the word is determined by how it is used?
'Do not arsenokoites, do not betray information, do not murder...' Martin argues that this occurs in a context where the concern is economic injustice and exploitation.
36
What is the story in Genesis 19 and what does this say about homosexuality?
A man called Lot invites two men into his house. Other men swarm the house and beg to have sex with the men. Lot proclaims 'don't do such a wicked thing' and offers his daughters to the men instead. Angels then bolted the doors of the house. Arguably, this may not have been a rejection of homosexuality but instead it was not a consensual and loving relationship.
37
What quote from 1 Corinthians is used to reject homosexuality?
'Those who indulge in sexual sin... or are male prostitutes... or are homosexuals... none of these will inherit the Kingdom of God' But, the idea of homosexuality would have been different in this time.
38
How can the primary precepts be applied to sex?
Reproduce - Sex purley as a means for reproduction, heterosexual only, no contraception. Ordered society - No extramarital sex, nuclear families only.
39
What does natural law define sex as being?
Unitive and procreative.
40
What are two bible quotes that support the idea that sex should be unitive and procreative?
'becoming one flesh' 'be fruitful and multiply'
41
What are problems with demanding that sex is unitive and procreative?
This causes issues when people are infertile/ disabled/ in the menopause. etc.
42
What is Burton M.Leiser's objection to the natural law approach to the telos of sex?
Sexual acts have multiple purposes and we do not need to simultaneously fulfil all purposes at once.
43
What quote from Aquinas shows his views on sex?
'every emission of semen, in such a way that generation cannot follow, is contrary to the good of man.'
44
How does Foucault criticise natural law's claim that homosexuality is not natural?
He claims sexuality can't be defined as heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual.
45
According to Foucault, how are sexual practices used by the Church?
Controlling sexual practices is a useful means for the church to maintain power. This is seen in Mulieris Dignitatem.
46
What does ars erotica?
Sex is for pleasure, companionship and education.
47
How does Norman Pittenger critique natural law's rejection of homosexuality?
He says that condemn acting on your primary desires would be 'tantamount to asking someone to reject something basic to his or her nature and hence t live an inhumane life'.
48
How could it be possible to reconcile homosexuality with natural law?
It is not an active choice but an instinctive feeling.
49
What does Fletcher propose about situation ethics as a whole?
it is a method for making moral decisions in extraordinary circumstances where where moral rules do not work.
50
What is the case of Mrs Bergmeier?
Mrs Bergmeier was a prisoner of war. She knew her family was looking for her and the only way she could be released was if she fell pregnant. She convinced one of the guards to make her pregnant. She was released to her family.
51
How can the four working principles be applied to the case of Mrs Bergmeier?
Personalism - Her decision was centred around her. Pragmatism - This was the most practical decision to ensure she was released. Positivism - She could posit faith that God knew this was the right decision to make. Relativism - Focused on her situation alone.
52
What is Fletcher's case study of patriotic prostitution?
There is a war in a country which the government believes could be stopped by clever use of blackmail, but this would involve a woman sleeping with an enemy spy. Thousands of lives could be saved if she is prepared to sacrifice herself. The woman is conflicted.
53
How can the four working principles be applied to the case study of patriotic prostitution?
Personalism - The woman's act may benefit wider society (agape) if she put her personal morals aside. Pragmatism - This situation would work in order to undergo the blackmail and save lives. Positivism - The woman could posit faith that God knew what she was dong. Relativism - Her situation is relative, focuses on the scenario alone.
54
What did Fletcher say were the main motivations for abiding by the Christian rules surrounding sex?
The 'triple terrors' of infection, conception and detection.
55
According to Fletcher, what does Jesus say nothing about (quote)?
'Jesus said nothing about...homosexuality...Whether any form of sex (hetero, homo, auto) is good or evil depends on whether love is fully served' - Fletcher.
56
Why would Fletcher still argue that most people may choose to have sex within a monogamous relationship, even if they adopt situation ethic principles?
This may serve love, so long as no one is harmed. However, most of the time people are hurt - this becomes conflicting.
57
What is an example of where extramarital relationships could be seen to fully serve love?
A wife's husband has dementia and does not remember who she is. She has sex with another man.
58
How does Jack Dominion support Fletcher's approach?
He claims that adultery can be a one night stand, far away from home where no one finds out - this would be acceptable as no one knows and therefore no one gets hurt.
59
At what time was Fletcher writing in?
1960s - contraception more accepted.

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