Sexual And Asexual Reproduction Flashcards
What is asexual reproduction?
Only needs one part of the organism.
Does not require presence of male and female parts
Offspring are IDENTICAL to the parent.
Name the 7 types of asexual reproduction
Binary fission Mitosis Budding Parthenogenesis Regeneration Plant cutting Runners
What is binary fission?
When the cell duplicates its genetic material and divides into two seperate cells.
What is mitosis?
Process similar to binary fission. The only difference is it is more complex.
What is budding?
A bud firms on one side of the cell and breaks off to form its own cell when it’s big enough.
What is parthenogenesis?
Asexual reproduction found in females where growth of embryos occurs without fertilization by a male.
What is regeneration?
Process where organisms make new parts to replace old ones or create a new organism from a part of themselves
What are runners?
When the stem of a plant continues to grow and eventually touches the ground. When it touches the ground, new roots will form and this bent over stem becomes a new plant.
What is plant cutting?
When a part of a plant is cut off and replanted and is able to grow into a new plant.
Which organisms reproduce via binary fission?
Bacteria, monerans and protists
Which organisms reproduce via regeneration?
Starfish and worms
Which organisms reproduce via mitosis
Only human body cells
Which organisms are runners?
Strawberry plant and trembling aspen tree
Which organisms reproduce via budding?
Yeast and Hydra
Which organism uses plant cutting?
Roses
Which organisms reproduce via parthenogenesis?
Water flea, aphids, and some bees, reptiles and fish
What is sexual reproduction?
Requires the involvement of a male and female parent.
Offspring may share many similarities with their parents but they have a unique genetic makeup made up of genes from both parents.
Name the three ways that sexual reproduction occurs in plants.
1) By means of flowers
2) By means of spores
3) By means of cones
What are the female parts of the flower called?
Carpel (or pistil)
What are the male parts of the flower called?
Stamen
Name all of the parts that make up the carpel
Stigma, style, ovary, ovule (which are in ovary)
Name all the parts that make up the stamen.
Filament and anther
What is pollination?
The anthers produce pollen which must land on the pistil in order to fertilize a flower so it can produce seeds. Pollination can be due to the wind or other organisms like birds and bees.
What is self-pollination?
Occurs when pollen is transferred to the pistil of the same flower.
What is cross pollination?
Occurs when pollen from one flower enters the pistil of another
What are the steps of pollination?
1) The pollen from the anther sticks to the stigma.
2) The stigma grows pollen tubes that connect to the ovules.
3) Spermatozoa travels down pollen tubes.
4) The spermatozoa fertilize the ovules.
5) The petals fall off the plant.
6) Fertilized ovules become seeds.
7) Ovary turns into a fruit to attract animals and insects.
What is seed development?
When the male gamete (spermatozoon) enters the female gamete (ovule), a zygote is formed. The cells divide and become a seed which will eventually grow into an adult plant.
What is a zygote?
One-celled organism which later becomes an embryo.
What is a gamete?
Male or female reproductive cell
What is seed dispersal?
The produced seeds then need to be dispersed. This can occur through animals, waters wind, humans.
What are the steps of sexual reproduction by conifers?
1) A conifer produces male and female cones. The male cones produce pollen (smaller than female cones) and the female cones contain ovaries (which contain ovules).
2) The pollen is released into the air and eventually lands on an ovary of the female cone, and fertilization occurs.
3) A zygote is formed, undergoes cell division to become an embryo, and eventually becomes a winged seed.
4) The wind carries the winged seed once it is fully grown and it lands on the ground. The winged seed, if the conditions of where it lands are favourable, will eventually grow into a new conifer.
What are spores?
Cells that contain a full set of genetic material without fertilization.
How much genetic material do the male and female gametes contain in sexual reproduction?
The male contains half of the genetic material and the female contains half of the genetic material.
What are the steps of sexual reproduction?
1) A male gamete fuses with a female gamete and fertilization occurs
2) This fusion produces a zygote that contains a complete set of genetic material.
3) The zygote undergoes cell division and turns into an embryo consisting of many cells.
4) The embryo develops into a small animal.
What is fertilization?
When one spermatozoon and one ovum of a single species combine.
What is internal fertilization?
The union of the spermatozoon and the ovum occurs INSIDE the animal.
What is external fertilization?
The union of the spermatozoon and the ovum occurs OUTSIDE the animal.
Examples of animals that use internal fertilization
Turtles, humans, birds, dogs, sheep, etc.
Examples of animals that use external fertilization
Sea anemones, sponges, frogs
Oviparous
Lays eggs
Viviparous
Fertilized ovum develops completely inside the mother’s body
What is mating?
When two individuals unite in order to combine their gametes
Ovoviviparous
Keeps eggs inside body until they hatch
What is a hermaphrodite?
Individual equipped with both male and female organs
How do sea anemones reproduce?
They release their gametes into the water. Spermatozoa and ova are brought together by sea currents. The resulting zygote develops into a larva, which eventually develops into an adult.
How do frogs reproduce?
Male claps onto the female. As soon as the female has laid her eggs, the male releases his semen over them.
