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Case 4: Endocrine > Sex hormones > Flashcards

Sex hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Testosterone actions

A

Stimulates enlargement of testes and male accessory organs

Stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics

Suppresses FSH and LH secretion and GnRH production

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2
Q

Metabolism of testosterone

A

by 5-alpha reductase to active metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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3
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

causes development of male external genitalia

by binding to cytoplasmic androgen receptors

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4
Q

Leydig cells of testes

A

activated by LH and secrete testosterone

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5
Q

Sertoli cells

A

activated by FSH

secrete anti-mullerian hormone and androgen binding protein (ABP)

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6
Q

Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) function

A

causes regression of mullerian duct

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7
Q

Androgens made within adrenal cortex

A

testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

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8
Q

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) function

A

causes early development of pubic/body hair in boys and girls

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9
Q

testosterone release process

A
  1. testes release testosterone
  2. 5-alpha reductase convert testosterone to DHT
  3. DHT binds to androgen receptor which releases heat shock proteins (hsp)
  4. hsp migrate to nucleus and bind to specific regions of DNA that contain Androgen Response Elements (ARE)
  5. ARE drive expression of genes that increase: growth, survival and PSA production
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10
Q

sex hormones secreted by pituitary gland

A

LH and FSH

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11
Q

hormone released by hypothalamus

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

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12
Q

role of GnRH

A

stimulation of LH and FSH secretion

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13
Q

role of FSH and LH

A

stimulate gamete production in the gonads

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14
Q

how many sperm cells does 1 germ cell (spermatogonium) produce

A

1 germ cell = 1 primary spermatocyte = 2 secondary spermatocytes = 4 sperm cells

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15
Q

what is the product of Sex-determining region of Y chromosome (SRY gene)

A

testis-determining factor

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16
Q

male development at 10-week old foetus

A
  1. SRY protein in male embryo detects medulla of biopotential gonad to develop into testes
  2. Anti-Mullerian hormone from testis causes the mullerian ducts to diappear
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17
Q

male development at birth

A
  1. testosterone from testis converts Wolffian duct into seminal vesicle, vas deferens and epididymis
    (DHT control prostate development)
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18
Q

what happens to gonad (cortex) in male and female development

A

M - regresses

F - forms ovary

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19
Q

what happens to Gonad (medulla) in male and female development

A

M - forms testis

F - regresses

20
Q

what happens to Gonad (medulla) in male and female development

A

M - forms testis

F - regresses

20
Q

what happens to Gonad (medulla) in male and female development

A

M - forms testis

F - regresses

20
Q

what happens to Gonad (medulla) in male and female development

A

M - forms testis

F - regresses

21
Q

what happens to Wolffian duct in male and female development

A

M - forms epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicle (testosterone present)
F - regresses (testosterone absent)

22
Q

what happens to Mullerian duct in male and female development

A

M - regresses (AMH present)

F - forms fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and upper half of vagina (AMH absent)

23
Q

What do primary testicular failure (M) and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (M+F)

A

infertility and associated hypogonadism and lack of 2nd sexual characteristics

24
Q

Ovarian steroid hormones

A
  1. estrogens C18
  2. progestagens C21
  3. Androgens C19
25
Q

how many egg cells does 1 germ cell (oogonium) produce

A

1 germ cell = 1 primary oocyte = 1 secondary oocyte (egg cell) = 1 egg cell released from ovary at ovulation

26
Q

female development at 10 weeks (foetus)

A
  1. Gonadal cortex becomes ovary in absence of SRY protein and under influence of female-specific gene
  2. absence of testosterone causes Wolffian duct to degenerate
27
Q

Female development at birth

A
  1. absence of anti-mullerian hormone allows Mullerian duct to become fallopian tubes, upper half of vagina, uterus
28
Q

Role of estrogen

A
  • maturation of germ cells
  • anabolic effects on bone and cartilage (osteoporosis)
  • maintenance of pregnancy
  • growth development metabolism and reproduction
  • labour and lactation
  • development of tissue that will allow for implantation of blastocysts
  • development and regulation of female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
29
Q

increased progesterone effect in women

A

thickening of uterine wall

30
Q

increased inhibin effect in women

A

LH and FSH inhibition

31
Q

increased estrogen effect in women

A

release of inhibin

inhibition of FSH

32
Q

physiological stages of fertilisation

A
  1. sperm cell fertilises ovum
  2. divides into 2 then 4 cells (blastocysts)
  3. blastocyst attaches itself to uterine wall (6-7 days)
  4. implantation of blastocyst in endometrium (11/12 days)
    = embryo at 4 weeks
33
Q

role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

hormone detected in pregnancy tests

prevents degeneration of corpus luteum = continued secretion of estrogen and progesterone

34
Q

role of estrogen in pregnancy

A

inhibits FSH and LH = no subsequent ovulation

35
Q

role of progesterone in pregnancy

A

maintains integrity of uterine wall

36
Q

placental hormones

A 
Placental lactogen (hPL)
hCG 
progestins 
lutenising hormone (LH)
estrogens
37
Q

labour related drugs

A

oxytocin

selective beta2 adrenergic receptor antagonist = prevents smooth muscle contraction

38
Q

hormones involved with lactation

A

E2 - ductal growth
progesterone - inhibits milk production and secretion in late pregnancy
prolactin
oxytocin - stimulated by estrogens and inhibited by progesterone

39
Q

physiology of menopause

A

increased LH and FSH - compensates decreased estrogen

ovaries fail to respond to FSH - number of remaining follicles decreases

40
Q

physiological signs of menopause

A

decreased estrogen production
decreased testosterone
thinner vaginal walls

41
Q

hormonal control of early to mid-follicular phase of menstrual cycle

A
  1. low level estrogen = -ve feedback to GnRH, FSH and LH
  2. increased estrogen secretion by follicle
  3. granulosa cells secrete AMH = prevents more follicles developing
42
Q

hormonal control of late follicular phase and ovulation of menstrual cycle

A
  1. increased estrogen and progesterone = LH surge (important for ovulation)
  2. FSH suppressed by inhibin
43
Q

hormonal control of early to mid-luteal phase of menstrual cycle

A
  1. increased inhibin, estrogen and progesterone = FSH and LH inhibition
44
Q

hormonal control of late luteal phase of menstrual cycle

A
  1. decreased estrogen and progesterone when corpus luteum dies
  2. gonadotropins start follicular development for a new cycle
45
Q

4 stages of menstrual cycle

A
  1. early to mid-follicular phase
  2. late follicular phase and ovulation
  3. early to mid-luteal phase
    4.

Case 4: Endocrine (8 decks)

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