Sex & Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

what is present or true of asexual reproduction

A

a genetically identical offspring

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2
Q

a pea hen (female peacock) is described as ___ when mating

A

choosey

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3
Q

definition of intrasexual

A

male to male competition

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4
Q

what is batsman’s principal

A

female choosiness

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5
Q

natural selection in birds

A

beak size and shape

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6
Q

polyandry

A

more than one husband

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7
Q

what is an example of bateman principle

A

ancestral women typically could now have dramatically increased their reproductive output but adding more sex partners

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8
Q

when given a choice, as opposed to a stable internal predisposition, a female animal engages in sexual behaviour with another female. this is an example of an individuals:

A

sexual preference

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9
Q

name some environmental cues for sex determination in animals

A

temperature (crocodiles and turtles) -

available nutrients, water availability, photoperiod it time of year, competitive stress, pheromones from conspecifics

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10
Q

what aminals do not use environmental sex determination?

A

mammals and birds

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11
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

process of developing a genetically unique individual

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12
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

a single parent generates offspring that are genetically identical

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13
Q

asexual reproduction is characterized by the absence of three sexual reproductive factors:

A

meiosis, reduction in ploidy (pairing of chromosomes or number of chromosomes) and the fusion of gametes

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14
Q

types of asexual reproduction: (3)

A

budding (portion of the parent buds out and goes off on its own and develops into a fully functioning organism fully attached to the parent and then breaks off
— common in vertebrates and small organisms in the sea
fragmentation (parent individual breaks off a piece of itself and then later develops into its own individual
—starfish, flatworm
parthenogenesis (develop a gamete without fertilization
— virgin births

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15
Q

how is sex expensive?

A

the cost of meiosis to generate a haploid gamete or cells (reproducing individuals that cannot reproduce on their own

the cost of finding a mate (sexual displays and rituals are energy, time and resource expensive)

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16
Q

what is the advantage to reproducing sexually?

A

more diverse gene pool protection, resource gathering, social organization to benefit from groups and being together

17
Q

describe muller ratchet theory

A

the process which in the absence of genetic recombination (a sexual reproduction has this because there is no combination of genes - the genes come from one parent) this results in a accumulation of irreversible deleterious mutations eventually leading to the extinction of the population

18
Q

describe the red queen hypothesis

A

unique genetic composition within a species offers environmental adaption
—defence against parasites

sexual reproduction offers the opportunity for continued development to maintain evolutionary “fitness”

in other words, evolution is a race and the environment is filled with competition (viruses, parasites, different challenges to species) it’s continuously updating itself or it’s doomed

19
Q

what is evolution?

A

it is the biological changes in a process of descent with modification

adaptions to their changing environments resulting in changes genes, new traits and new species

20
Q

difference between microevolution and macroevolution

A

micro: studies changes at the DNA level or allele level

macro: studies large scale changes like the evolution of a new species which is the process of numerous microecolutionary changes

21
Q

competition vs choosiness

A

males compete for access to females

female soften choose among many males according to the males anatomical features of behaviours

22
Q

what is Batemans principal and how does it relate to competition vs choosiness

A

Female should be choosy, because female candies are more expensive (we are born with all of our eggs while males generates sperm through spermatogenesis)

female reproductive success is limited

23
Q

intrasexual vs intersexual

A

intra: competition within one sec for access to members of the opposite sex (two-males competing)

inter: choosey females choosing their male partner

24
Q

what are sexual dimorphisms? name an example

A

the difference in size and appearance between sexes of the same species

male deer have antlers while females don’t