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Genetics > Sex-determination Genes > Flashcards

Sex-determination Genes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is true about sexual reproduction?

A

Each parent contributes a haploid gene set to offspring.

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2
Q

You discovered a new amphibian and name the sex chromosomes A and B. If the female is heterogametic and the male is homogametic, then what could be the chromosome arrangement of sex chromosomes in the adult?

A

Female AB and Males BB

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3
Q

A fruitfly is found that has three sex chromosomes (XXY) and three of each autosome. The sex of this fruitfly is ___ because ___.

A

Intersex; it has an X;A ratio between 0.5 and 1.

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4
Q

A human with an XY chromosome pair appears female. All of the following are possible explanations for this condition except;

A

This person suffers from Turner Syndrome.

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5
Q

When Morgan crossed a red-eyed female with a white-eyed male, which results made Morgan think that the locus affecting eye color was on the X chromosome?

A

In the F2, all the females had red eyes, and half of the males had red eyes and the other half had white eyes.

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6
Q

When Bridges crossed a particular white-eyed female with a red-eye male, unexpectedly 5% of males had red eyes and 5% of females had white eyes. What phenomenon explains these rare events?

A

Nondisjunction of the two X chromosomes in the female

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7
Q

If a color-blind female has children, what do we know about all of her sons?

A

All sons will be color blind

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8
Q

How many Barr bodies are present in an individual with Klinefelter syndrome (XXYY)?

A

1

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9
Q

Which feature of the human Y chromosome allows it to recombine with itself?

A

It has massive palindromic sequences.

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10
Q

One of two or more alternate forms of a gene?

A

Allele

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11
Q

Specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele?

A

Locus

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12
Q

A genetic factor(region of DNA) that help determine a characteristic?

A

Gene

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13
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of cell reproduction in all organism?

A

Chromosome become highly condensed

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14
Q

Which structural component of a eukaryotic chromosome is the attachment point for spindle microtubules during M-phase?

A

The centromere

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15
Q

A cell that has acquired damage to some of its DNA will be stalled at _____ of the cell cycle.

A

G2/M checkpoint

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16
Q

Most body (non reproductive) cells of humans and other multicellular eukaryotes have two sets of each chromosome. Such cell are_____and the matching pair of chromosome are called______.

A

Diploid;homologous chromosomes

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17
Q

Meiosis I is called the _____ division and Meiosis II is called the ____ division.

A

Reduction;equational

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18
Q

All of the following make meiosis different from mitosis, EXCEPT:

A

Meiosis lacks preceding S and G2 phases.

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19
Q

Crossing Over usually occurs during:

A

Prophase of Meiosis I

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20
Q

Which of the following events of meiosis creates genetic variation among the gametes?

A

Both a and b a)Crossing over and b) random separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes

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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a haploid cell or cells?

A

Primary oocytes of female animals

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22
Q

Examples of Autosomal Recessive?

A

Tray Sachs, Sickle cell, Cistic Fibrosis, PK, Hypothyroidism

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23
Q

X-Linked Recessive

A

Hemophilia, Color Blind

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24
Q

X-Linked Dominant

A

Hyphophophatemia

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25
Q

Y-Linked

A

Maleness

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26
Q

You are studying cystic fibrosis(CF). While looking at a pedigree you notice that the CF phenotype is not present in a set of parents, but one out of their five children has CF. What can you conclude about CF?

A

The trait is autosomal recessive

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27
Q

You are studying Alexander disease. All previous pedigree data indicates that this disease is an autosomal dominant trait. However, you notice that in one instance the trait skips a generation. If Alexander disease is autosomal dominant, what is a likely explanation as to why it skipped a generation this one time?

A

A new mutation must have been introduced causing Alexander disease.

28
Q

What characteristics would you not expect to see in a pedigree that outlines an X-linked recessive trait?

A

The trait is commonly passed from fathers to sons

29
Q

Why was the pea plant an ideal plant for Mendel to use?

A

It has characteristics for which the phenotypes are easy to differentiate.

30
Q

An organism’s phenotype is inherited

A

False

31
Q

Mendel’s determined that for a given character, such as pea seed shape, an individual has two factors and that these can exist in two forms (R or r). Today we would describe R and r as being:

A

Different genotypes of the seed shape locus.

32
Q

An individual #1 with a phenotype “A” is test-crossed and half of the offspring produced have a phenotype”A” and half have phenotype”a”. What are he genotypes of the individuals that were crossed?

A

Aa and aa

33
Q

According to Mendel’s Second Law, when the different alleles for one trait separate into gametes, their seperation:

A

is independent of how different alleles for other traits seperate.

34
Q

In an experiment you do a chi-square test comparing observed and expected progeny. Your calculated chi-square is 0.375. With 1 degree of freedom, this corresponds to a probability between 09 and 0.5. What does this mean?

A

There is a between a 50% and 90% chance that the difference between expected and observed progeny is due to chance.

35
Q

In Mendel’s pea plants, how did he know that each F1 generation contained two alleles encoding different characteristics?

A

Both parental phenotypes reappeared in the F2 generation.

36
Q

A child who is blood type A has a mother who is blood type B. In a paternity suit a man is accused of being the father. He has blood type AB. Is he the father?

A

He cannot be excluded as the father.

37
Q

A particular trait is determined by a single gene. If there are six possible alleles, then how many different possible genotypes are there?

A

21

38
Q

Assume that attached earlobes are an autosomal recessive trait with 73% penetrance. If he parent is heterozygous (Aa) and the other homozygous recessive (aa) for the attached earlobe gene, what is the probability that their first child will have attached earlobes?

A

36.5%

39
Q

Assume that you are looking at a case of lethal alleles. Crossing two green corn plants results in 2/3 green progeny 1/3 white progeny. If you crossed two green progeny with each other, how many of the progeny would you predict to be green?

A

2/3

40
Q

The allele H codes for LDL receptors hat are needed to metabolize LDL. People who are HH have healthy levels LDL, whereas those who are hh have dangerous levels of cholesterol that often leads to heart attacks and death during childhood. Interestingly, those who are Hh have high levels of cholesterol and are at risk of heart attack as a young adult, but if their cholesterol is manage, they will have a long life. This is an example of ____

A

Incomplete dominance

41
Q

In the ABO blood-typed phenotype, which gene is the most epistatc?

A

H

42
Q

Mendels dihybrid crosses produced phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. We don’t always see 9:3:3:1 ratios in dihybrid crosses. Instead, altered ratios such as 9:3:4 or 12:3:1 are simply modifications of the classic 9:3:3:1 ratio.

A

True

43
Q

In Humanns, the hypothetical gene BLD causes balding. For both males and females, individuals homozygous for the BLD allele are not bald and individuals homozygous for the wild-typed BLD+ allele bald. Interestingly, heterozygous females are not bald. From this information this trait is llikely_____.

A

Sex-influenced

44
Q

A mutation in the Igf2 gene, which can lead to altered embryonic development, is going to have greater consequence if it is inherited from _______.

A

The father

45
Q

A disease where offspring have a more severe phenotype than their parents do could be explained by what genetic phenomenon?

A

Anticipation

46
Q

While studying Arabidopsis, a research isolates a gene mutation that produces a shorter stem-height phenotype. Interestingly, when this gene is not mutated(wild type plant) and the seeding is germinated at a lower temperature of 12C, the same short-stem phenotype is observed. This phenomenon is known as:

A

Phenocopy

47
Q

In analyzing continuous characteristics, one often does not observe Mendelian ratios. The reason for this is that continuous characteristics_______.

A

Can conclude all of the above. (are caused by multiple-genes, are caused by environmental factors, have more than a few distinct phenotypes)

48
Q

Hemophilia results from a recessive X-linked gene. Jill is a female who has hemophilia. She marries Bill, a male who as normal blood clotting. What proportion of their children are expected to have Hemophilia?

A

1/2 Offspring with Hemophilia

49
Q

John and Cathy have normal color vision. After 10 years of marriage to John, Cathy gives birth to a color-blind daughter. Is John justified in his claim of non-paternity? Explain why if justified in claiming non-paternity?

A

John is justified in his claim of non-paternity Because the daughter would inherit a X-chromosome from mother and father because color blind is X-linked. Therefore the daughter must be HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE since John is not color blind he could have not passed/transmitted a color blind X-chromosome to daughter.

If they would have a color blind son it would not be justified to claim non-paternity because son would inherited Y-chromosome and the color blind X-chromosome from mother.

50
Q

How many chromosomes and DNA molecules will be found per cell when its original cell progress to the following stages?

G2 of interphase

A

12 Chromosomes and 24 DNA Molecules

51
Q

What is the principle of segregation?

A

An organism possesses two alleles for any one particular trait and that alleles separate during the formation of gametes. So one allele goes into each gamete. The principle of segregation is important because it explains how the genotypic ratios in the haploid gametes are produced.

52
Q

What is the concept of Dominance?

A

States that when two different alleles are present in a genotype, only the dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype.

53
Q

Dominance vs Incomplete dominance

A

Incomplete dominance occurs when different alleles are expressed inn a heterozugous individual, and the resulting phenotype is intermediate to the phenotypes of the two homozygotes.

54
Q

What is the principle of independent assortment?

A

Genes for different characteristics that are at different loci segregate independently of one another.

55
Q

How is it related to the principle of segregation?

A

The principle of segregation indicates that the two alleles at a locus separate; the principle of independent that the separation of allele at one locus i independent of the separation of alleles at other loc.

56
Q

What characteristics of an organism would make it well suite of the principle of inheritance?

A

Are easy to grow and maintain, grow rapidly, producing many generations in a short period; Produce large numbers of offspring; Have distinctive phenotypes that are easy to recognize

57
Q

Hairlessness in America rat terriers is recessive to the presence of hair. Suppose that you have a rat terrier with hair. How can you determine wether this dog is homozygous or heterozygous for the hairy trait?

A

We will use h for the hairless allele and H for the dominant. Because H is dominant to h, a rat terrier with hair could be either homozygous (HH) or heterozygous (Hh). To determine which genotype is present in the rat terrier with hair, cross this dog with hairless rat terrier (hh). If the terrier with hair is homozygous (HH), then no hairless offspring will be produced. However, if the terrier is heterozygous (Hh) then we would expect one-half of the offspring to be hairless.

58
Q

How many Barr bodies would you expect to see in humans cells containing the following chromosomes?

XX?

A

1 Barr body

59
Q

How many Barr bodies would you expect to see in humans cells containing the following chromosomes?

XY?

A

Zero

60
Q

How many Barr bodies would you expect to see in humans cells containing the following chromosomes?

XO?

A

Zero

61
Q

How many Barr bodies would you expect to see in humans cells containing the following chromosomes?

XXY?

A

1 Barr body

62
Q

How many Barr bodies would you expect to see in humans cells containing the following chromosomes?

XXYY?

A

1 Barr Body

63
Q

How many Barr bodies would you expect to see in humans cells containing the following chromosomes?

XXXY?

A

2 Barr Bodies

64
Q

How many Barr bodies would you expect to see in humans cells containing the following chromosomes?

XYY?

A

Zero

65
Q

How many Barr bodies would you expect to see in humans cells containing the following chromosomes?

XXX?

A

2 Barr bodies

66
Q

How many Barr bodies would you expect to see in humans cells containing the following chromosomes?

XXXX?

A

3 Barr bodies

Genetics (3 decks)

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