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Sex and Gender > Sex Determination > Flashcards

Sex Determination Flashcards

1
Q

a category we are assigned to based on biological attributes relating to how we reproduce

A

Sex

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2
Q

What are the attributes that assign sex?

A

Gonads, Reproductive cells, Hormones, Anatomy, physiology, behavior, pheromones, etc.

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3
Q

What are gonads?

A

Testes or ovaries, or both

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4
Q

What are reproductive cells?

A

Eggs or sperm

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5
Q

It’s how our bodies come to have the biological attributes

A

Sex determination

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6
Q

Is there a primary sex determination?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the two kinds of sex determination

A

Asexual and sexual

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8
Q

Reproduction where some organisms can reproduce without having any fertilization taking place

A

Asexual

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9
Q

What are two ways reproduction can be asexual?

A

Adult organism splits into two or more parts, single adult produces cells that are specialized for reproduction

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10
Q

Name an example that can split into two

A

Anemone

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11
Q

What is the way of no sex determination?

A

Asexual reproduction

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12
Q

What types of hormones does the male and female get?

A

Testosterone for males and estrogens for females

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13
Q

What determines a person’s sex?

A

Gonads

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14
Q

What is the function of hormones?

A

They determine how the rest of the body responds and how to be a certain sex

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15
Q

What are the sexual characteristics that our hormones create in sex determination?

A

Anatomy, physiology, pheromones, and behavior

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16
Q

T/F: There is a primary sex determination

A

False

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17
Q

What are the two scientific names of reproduction that is “no reproduction?”

A

Asexual and Simultaneous Hermaphrodite

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18
Q

Name two animal examples of Parthenogenesis eggs?

A

Amazon Mollies and Whiptail Lizards

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19
Q

How do Amazon Mollies reproduce?

A

Asexual. Pathogenesis. kind of fish that are related to other kinds of mollies. Most mollies reproduce sexually, but there are no male amazon mollies. They are all female. they mate with males of a Different mollies species and don’t use sperm. the babies are genetically identical to the parent, and the sperm that is required are not genetically involved; dad is not related in any way

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20
Q

How do whiptail lizards reproduce?

A

Asexual. Pathogenesis. Don’t require sperm, but do require behavior of mating. they form pairs, one performing the role (biting neck, wrapping around each other, and releases eggs and ovulates). the other switch roles and does the same as well. no males or females. They look like eggs but they’re not really

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21
Q

What is a Simultaneous Hermaphrodite?

A

All individuals are both male and female at the same time and produce both eggs and sperm at the same time

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22
Q

Name the five versions of a Simultaneous Hermaphrodite

A

Ovotestes, Separate male and female organs, Flowers, Self Fertilization, and Self-Incompatible

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23
Q

Name an animal example of a Simultaneous Hermaphrodite?

A

Nematode. It has separate male and female organs, self fertilizes, and sometimes has to mate with somebody else.

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24
Q

What determines the kinds of gonads an individual makes?

A

No sex determination, chromosomes, environment, and social environment

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25
Q

What are the attributes of the nematode?

A 
•Simultaneous hermaphrodite
–Separate ovaries & testes
–Hermaphrodites can fertilize themselves
–Hermaphrodites can be fertilized by males
•Sex determination genetic
–Hermaphrodites XX
–Males XO
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26
Q

How many chromosomes do bees have?

A

Males have 16, females have 32

27
Q

What all is involved in the environment that can determine a sex?

A

Temperature, day length, humidity, Salinity, and nutrition

28
Q

What determines a turtle’s sex in temperature?

A

Low T - male

Hight T - female

29
Q

What all is involved in a social environment that can determine a sex?

A

Host, population density, proximity to females, availability of mates

30
Q

Name an example of a proximity to females in a social environment

A

Anglerfish

31
Q

Name an example of availability of mates in a social environment

A

Anemone clownfish, bullheaded wrasse, gobe

32
Q

Poor environmental and social conditions favor what gender?

A

Male

33
Q

Favorable environmental and social conditions favor what gender?

A

Female

34
Q

What determines the kinds of gonads an individual HUMAN makes?

A

Chromosomes

35
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human?

A

23 pairs

36
Q

What gene is involved in the male’s sex determination?

A

SRY gene

37
Q

Describe the Pathogenesis way of asexual reproduction

A

A whole adult body splits into two more individuals

38
Q

What is a Hermaphrodite that has Ovotestes?

A

makes eggs and sperm at the same time

39
Q

Name an animal that has separate male and female organs

A

Nematode

40
Q

T/F: most flowers are hermaphrodites

A

True

41
Q

What is a Hermaphrodite that is self-incompatible?

A

Have eggs and sperm, but have to mate with somebody else

42
Q

How many chromosomes are in a single cell?

A

23

43
Q

Which chromosome does the SRY gene make?

A

Y

44
Q

What percentage do uncommon/intersex variation of humans make?

A

2%

45
Q

What percentage do the variation of xy males and xx females make of the population?

A

98%

46
Q

What are the most common genetic variations in biological gender determination?
What are the other three possibilities?

A

SRY translocation, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome

XYY, XXX, Mosaic/true hermaphrodite, and YY (not as possible)

47
Q

Describe SRY Translocation

A

cross positioning of Y chromosome

48
Q

Describe Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

2 X chromosomes and one Y chromosome, slightly feminized male

49
Q

Describe Turner’s Syndrome

A

one X chromosome and no second chromosome, infertile

50
Q

What is a Mosaic/true hermaphrodite

A

different parts of your body have different chromosomal counts
Part of your body could be XX and other part XY
Very uncommon

51
Q

What are the characteristics of male sperm?

A

Abundant, Cheap to Make, Small, Motile

52
Q

What are the characteristics of female eggs?

A

Nutrient rich, Easy to find, Large, Limiting

53
Q

What parts of the internal reproductive system in males does testosterone help produce?

A

epididymus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts

54
Q

What are the hormonal variations in biological gender determination?

A

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

5-alpha reductase deficiency (Guevedoces Syndrome)

55
Q

What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

The SRY gene makes the gonads testes but other parts of the body don’t have the receptors to respond to testosterone
They have xy chromosomes and have sexes, they don’t develop any of the internal structures or the external structures that make them look male to us

56
Q

What are the three hormones in male reproduction?

A

Testosterone, Anti-Mullerian Hormone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

57
Q

What does the Anti-Mullerian Hormone do?

A

degeneration of ♀ internal reproductive system
–Produced by gonad if SRY is present
- causes the tube that would form the uterus to break down

58
Q

What does 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) male hormone do?

A

produce external reproductive genetalia

59
Q

What is 5-alpha reductase deficiency (Guevedoces Syndrome)

A
  • “penis that swells”
  • fairly common in dominican republic
  • missing that one chemical but the transition can occur to a male
60
Q

What is Androgenital Syndrome?

A

testosterone is sometimes produced in much higher amounts than usual due to feedback with pituitary glands in the base of brain
in males it often leads to early puberty and hyper masculinized anatomy
if it happens in a XX baby, it often results in development of a penis or micropenis, or in between a clitoris or penis

61
Q

The absence of male hormone cause what?

A

female organs

62
Q

What does the lack of 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) male hormone produce?

A

Female external genetalia

63
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics of a human produced?

A

Anatomy, pheromones, behavior, and health

64
Q

Pheromones

A

chemicals that our bodies makes that are on our skin, and other people can respond to them

Sex and Gender (4 decks)

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