sex and gender

Question 1

Gerschick and Miller

Answer 1

Men with disabilities are typically marginalized in society. A man’s body is very important in doing gender, and if they have a disability they will not be thought of as masculine.

Question 2

Reformulation

Answer 2

Begin to gain a sense of self from their occupation and/or family, building back confidence

Question 3

Reliance

Answer 3

Hypersensitivity to Hegemonic masculine ideals, reducing their confidence in sexual ability, strength, and overall masculinity

Question 4

Rejection

Answer 4

Rejection of modern masculine standards, distancing themselves from these standards

Question 5

Tough Guise (Katz)

Answer 5

This video taught us that according to our society, men are supposed to be tough, strong and masculine. Boys are socialized as children to be extremely independent, creating a disadvantage for disabled men who now depend on others for help.

Question 6

Le Espiritu

Answer 6

argues that depending on race and class, men experience gender differently. For example, Asian men do not benefit from patriarchy, as most men do. During WWll, the first generation of Asian-American men (first Chinese and later Japanese), struggled with economic, political, and ideological racism that assaulted their manhood.

Question 7

Sulliven (breast talk)

Answer 7

some women would see their injury much like they did with breast scars, by getting them tattooed etc. and referring to them as “beautiful”. They would reinterpret them as symbols for a new life and as a reminder of what they gave up for a greater purpose.

Question 8

Silva

Answer 8

In her article about women in the ROTC, Silva explains that women must already prove to men that they are able to compete and perform on the same level as they are. This means that women must be able to do the same amount of work that a male soldier already does in order to gain approval and be certain that she is ready to join the armed forces.

Question 9

Miller

Answer 9

Reformulation: redefinition of hegemonic characteristics on their own terms. Finding new ways to be masculine when conventional ways are not possible.
Reliance: reflected by sensitive or hypersensitive adaptations of particular predominant attributes. Don’t follow
Rejection: characterized by the renunciation of these standards and either the creation of ones own principles and practice or denial of masculinity or femininity importance

Question 10

Poulin

Answer 10

that men develop a sense of pride by providing for women. In this case, it could be women who are not able to work. And the woman may seek out a man to provide for her.

Question 11

Lever

Answer 11

she talks about how childhood games play a major role in developing their gender roles. For example: girls play with dolls, which then helps them practice for domestic roles later on in life. If a person does not identify themselves as a specific gender, then they don’t have to worry about performing and accomplishing these tasks in the way our society would approve of.

Question 12

Williams

Answer 12

The Glass escalator. Pertaining to the easier pathway for men who are in “women’s professions.” Men are seen to have the advantage in a woman’s position, because they are “more reliable” and “less attached.” Williams suggests that since men are typically hard workers, they will excel farther than a woman.

Question 13

Slaughter

Answer 13

Women still cannot have it all. Women feel guilty if they are working all the time and not spending enough time with their kids. This is due to the fact that our society values motherhood and the idea of a stay-at-home mom. Not only do the media present motherhood as an occupation, but the media influence employers to believe that women’s main focus is their family, even if their passion is to be a career woman.

Question 14

Hochschild

Answer 14

the doctrine of separate spheres, and a traditional household

Question 15

Schilt

Answer 15

Theories of workplace discrimination. The Human Capital Theory is that women are more likely to take time off aka mother’s taking time off, they have less education and work experience than men, therefore this theory explains that men have more logical skills/experiences.

Question 16

Wilkins

Answer 16

women wish to resolve the sexual double standard by relieve their emotion work- the erosion of the old gender bargain, in which women exchanged sex and emotion work for financial support. This can be considered as a big part of the traditional marriage.

Question 17

Glass escalator

Answer 17

Even when men go in to feminine oriented jobs, (librarian, social work, elementary school teacher, nurse) they are still held to higher standards than females and convinced to go into manlier positions within these professions such as administration work because people assume those are more masculine jobs.

Question 18

Budij

Answer 18

wage penalties for mothers are unfair and there should be more legislation to stop this or provide more maternity and paternity leave to help out these families.

Question 19

Bogle

Answer 19

Hooking-up in the college scene is a game for men, because they are always thinking of potential women. According to Bogle, it is not only difficult to begin a relationship in college, but it is difficult to also maintain one. Because of the hook-up culture that we have today, it is hard for women to have sexual relationships with men without being shamed or disrespected for it. Hooking-up with several girls is one way that young men prove their masculinity in a college setting.

Question 20

England

Answer 20

1) Initiation: The initiation of a hook-up is almost always by the male. They are twice as likely to occur in the male’s room, because they are more “eager” to hook-up. This takes away power and/or control of the situation from the female.
2) The Orgasm Gap: (Although less prominent in a relationship), Males are more likely to achieve an orgasm, while females are more likely to engage in behavior that prioritizes male pleasure. This typically stems from non-reciprocal oral sex, and sexual favors that revolve around the male orgasm. Men are more focused on their own sexual pleasure than their partners. Women are seen to fake orgasms to either validate the male’s masculinity and/or end the hook-up due to boredom. England
suggests that women “expect less, so they get less.”
3) The Sexual Double Standard: In our society, women are held to stricter sexual standards, which can cause disrespect from their partner, or “slut shaming.” Unfortunately, most slut shaming comes from the male, as England suggests that men consider women “relationship material” if they do not hook-up on the first date. Our societal values suggest that women should not be proud or active in their sexuality, like men are.

Question 21

Hamilton

Answer 21

Hamilton brings to our attention the theory of Gender Strategy. This is described as a course of action that attempts to solve a problem using cultural conceptions of gender available to the individual. In simpler terms, one may use heterosexual performance to access benefits from the opposite sex.