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Ethics - MS > Sex > Flashcards

Sex Flashcards

1
Q

If there is a divine creator what does this mean for Christians?

A

We should behave to fulfill our purpose

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2
Q

What is marriage for Christians?

A

The way God intended things to be

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3
Q

Finish the quote: “For this reason…”

A

“For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united with his wife and they will become one flesh”

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4
Q

What did God command Adam and Eve to do?

A

“be fruitful and multiply”

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5
Q

Why is divorce wrong for a Christian?

A

Because you are separating “what God joined together”

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6
Q

What is marriage for a Roman Catholic?

A

Marriage is a sacrament and marriage is indissoluble as the change is mysterious, spiritual, and permanent

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7
Q

What is marriage for a protestant?

A

Marriage is a covenant creating a stable environment where children can flourish . Divorce is permittable when the marriage breaks down.

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8
Q

Why is promiscuity wrong for a Christian?

A

It is disrespectful to other people, ourselves and God as you are using someone made in the image of God. Saint Paul said “your body is a temple for the holy spirit”.

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9
Q

What has allowed women to be finically independent?

A

effective contraception

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10
Q

What was marriage for women needed for in the past?

A

It was a necessary contract to ensure she had someone to provide for her and her children but now women can be mothers and have a successful career.

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11
Q

What do Christians say about long term committed co-habitation?

A
  • Liberal Christians may argue they can experience the same unity as married couples.
  • no longer regarded as “living in sin”
  • couples in a co-habitation relationship as a ‘substitute marriage’ are still encouraged to get married
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12
Q

What do Christians say about casual co-habitation?

A

Still regarded as a promiscuous relationship

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13
Q

What biblical story is an example of previous Christian on extra-material sex?

A

The story of a woman about to be stoned to death for adultery. Women were seen as temptresses that led men astray. Jesus told the crowd that “the one without sin” should cast the first stone. But also told the woman to “go and sin no more”

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14
Q

What are Christian views today on extra-material sex?

A

Still a serious breach on marriage vows but men and women are equally to blame. In some churches it is a justification for divorce.

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15
Q

What are Christian views today on remarriage?

A
  • In Catholic churches it is still banned as divorce is not recognized
  • More liberal Christians argue Jesus didn’t ban divorce or remarriage but reinforced the seriousness of marriage
  • The victim of adultery should be allowed to remarry
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16
Q

What did Jesus say about divorce?

A

What God joined together, let no man separate.”

17
Q

What does the bible say about homosexuality?

A
  • In Leviticus it says men should not “lie with men as one lies with women” and the act is punishable by death
  • The city of Sodom is destroyed by God in Genesis due to sin such as homosexuality
  • St Paul said the “sexually immoral” would not inherit the kingdom of God including gay men
  • God said be “fruitful and multiply”
  • marriage between opposites because of complementary characteristics
18
Q

How have attitudes about homosexuality changed?

A
  • Some fundamentalist Christians run gay conversion camps
  • Some liberal Christians condone gay marriage and conduct gay weddings and have openly gay ministers
  • Most Christians agree people don’t choose to be gay and being gay isn’t evil but some say there’s a difference between an act and an inclination and that we all must control inclinations - homosexuals should remain celibate
  • The church is also divided on free speech - should a priest be allowed to preach about homosexuality as immoral?
  • Christians are also divided on whether gay marriage is marriage at all - some argue marriage is only between a man and a woman and ordained by God
  • The Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement argue the Bible must be read with the Hermetic of Suspicion - gang rape in Sodom and Paul was referring to pedophilia
19
Q

What does Natural Law argue about sex?

A
  • All humans have a purpose to reflect the image of God and as what is good is natural as God created our nature reproduction must be good therefore participating in any sexual act which does not result in reproduction is a sin
  • Natural Law stresses the importance of marriage as it is a secondary precept resulting in harmonious living and reproduction. Catholics teach sex should only take place within marriage. Therefore pre and extramarital sex is wrong
  • Therefore homosexual marriage isn’t a real marriage as it doesn’t result in reproduction
  • Aquinas points out the difference between apparent goods and real goods - a man having an affair is pursuing an apparent good because he thinks he’s in love but he’s actually sinning
  • Divine Law supports Natural Law and reasoning eg) adultery is wrong in the Decalogue
20
Q

What are the criticisms of Natural Laws application to Sex?

A
  • Natural Law assumes a good designer but the evidential problem of evil suggests otherwise - why stop pleasure to reflect the image of a malevolent God?
  • For homosexuals, same-sex attraction seems natural
  • Natural Law says sex is for reproduction but it is also for unity and pleasure
  • Does not fit with modern development for example IVF allows homosexuals to reproduce
21
Q

What does Situation Ethics argue about sex?

A
  • Doesn’t set out to undermine traditional church teaching on marriage but argues co-habitation is not intrinsically wrong
  • In some situations, adultery is the most loving thing to do for example Mrs Bergmeier
  • It would be wrong to deny a homosexual the right to express their sexuality - it arguably leads to tolerance, freedom and diversity
22
Q

What are the criticisms of Situation Ethics application to Sex?

A
  • What is loving for one may not be for another eg) What about Mr Bergmeier, the camp guards wife, and the child who will never know its father?
  • Agape is often confused with eros
  • People need more guidance than just agape. To say adultery is ok in some situations seems wrong. William Barclay points out even if poison can be useful in medicine we still won’t remove the label. Adultery is still wrong but something necessary.
  • Proportionalism is a better compromise
23
Q

What does Utilitarianism argue about sex?

A
  • decisions should be made with the hedonic calculus eg) when considering an affair weigh guilt against pleasure
  • Bentham has no issue with homosexuality as it has the same benefits as a committed heterosexual relationship
  • He said porn and prostitution should be legalised so it can be regulated and are only “offences against the self” (harming no one else)
  • providing sex is consensual then pleasure outweighs pain but sex in a loving committed relationship would score higher on the hedonic calculus as promiscuous relationships lead to STIs, heartbreak, and pregnancy
  • Rape, paedophilia and the exploitation of the vulnerable is wrong however a prostitute is not always exploited
  • It is necessary to safeguard against disease
  • Bentham said sexual promiscuity among the lower class would lead to criminal offsprings!
  • Mill supported a secular negative liberty stance - the state shouldn’t interfere in the private lives of citizens
  • Negative liberty leads to diversity, tolerance, and allows people to flourish
  • Relationships should be judged on happiness produced - a casual relationship could be better than a marriage
  • But a Rule Utilitarian may argue marriage offers more security and monogamy often leads to more pleasure
24
Q

What are the criticisms of Utilitarianism’s application to Sex?

A

+ Allows happiness through diversity and express identity
+ Bentham inhibits spread of disease and the protection of innocents

  • Can’t predict consequences
  • What is ‘right’ depends on future eg) if a wife doesn’t find out about her husband’s affair it’s fine!
  • Bentham says offences against the self doesn’t harm anyone but this isn’t true eg) porn effects how men treat women
  • Doesn’t necessarily lead to freedom if enough people disagree - tyranny of the majority - eg) homosexuality would be outlawed if the majority agreed
  • Argues individuals expressing sexuality leads to happiness but also could lead to confusion over sexuality and anxiety
  • Sociologists argue we live in a post-modern chaotic society where relationships are less likely to last as they are based solely on love, not duty and everyone is looking for something better
25
Q

What are the criticisms of the Kantian application to Sex?

A

+ logical and helps us move away from emotions eg) a man having an affair is using his emotions as a guide

  • But it’s impossible to divorce emotions from sex - we should marry out of love, not duty and to continue the human race - too cold and uncaring
  • Kant recognises we must respect our partners and not use them as a means to an end
26
Q

What does Kant argue about sex?

A
  • Adultery cannot be universalised unless we are happy for our partner to cheat on us and prostitution cannot be legalised unless we are happy with our daughter being one
  • Kant argues we cannot use someone as a means to an end as we are all free reasoning individuals therefore sex that objectifies others is wrong
  • Kant says a rapist is “no better than an animal”
  • Casual sex outside of marriage lacks commitment and is in danger of using each other as a means to an end - same with adultery
  • Marriage is about duty and sex within marriage is needed for the continuity of life. Kant must also be based on love otherwise marriage would seize to be important when the couple gets too old for sex
  • A follower of Kant may argue substitute marriages are permissible as they are based on duty
  • Homosexuality cannot be universalised as it would result in the extinction of the human race. Kant said that homosexuality “demeans man below beast”
  • On the other hand if we treat everyone as if we live in a kingdom of ends then homosexuals should be treated equally and gay marriage complies with Kant’s argument

Ethics - MS (9 decks)

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