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BIO207 > Sex > Flashcards

Sex Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary determinant of maleness?

A

A single gene: sex determining region of Y (SRY)

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2
Q

How did sex reversal provide evidence implicating SRY?

A

SRY is always present in XX males
SRY is always nonfunctional in XY females

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3
Q

What enables sex chromosomes to pair during meiosis I?

A

Pseudoautosomal regions (PARs)

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4
Q

What is in the MSY region of the Y chromosome?

A

SRY
3 male fertility genes
8 essential genes shared with X

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5
Q

What determines sex in Drosophila?

A

Ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes

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6
Q

What determines sex in humans?

A

Presence or absence of Y chromosome

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7
Q

Differentiate between XXX in drosophila and humans.

A

D: dies
H: nearly normal female

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8
Q

Differentiate between XX in drosophila and humans.

A

Normal female

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9
Q

Differentiate between XXY in drosophila and humans.

A

D; normal F
H: Klinefelter male

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of a Klinefelter male?

A

Sterile, tall, thin

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11
Q

Differentiate between XO in drosophila and humans.

A

D: sterile male
H: Turner female

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12
Q

What are characteristics of Turner females?

A

sterile, short, webbed neck

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13
Q

Differentiate between XY in drosophila and humans.

A

Normal male

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14
Q

Differentiate between XYY in drosophila and humans.

A

D: normal male
H: Nearly normal male

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15
Q

Differentiate between OY in drosophila and humans.

A

Die

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16
Q

What is heterogametic sex?

A

Sex with two different kinds of gametes

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17
Q

What is homogametic sex?

A

Sex with one type of gamete

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18
Q

Is sex always determined by chromosome?

A

No some species sex is affected by environmental factors, such as environment or age

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19
Q

What is a germ line?

A

Specialized diploid cells set aside during embryogenesis

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20
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Gamete formation

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21
Q

Describe oogenesis in humans

A

One ovum produces from each primary oocyte

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22
Q

Describe spermatogenesis in humans

A

four sperm from each primary spermatocyte

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23
Q

What are oogonia?

A

Diploid germ cells in ovaries of female embryos

24
Q

What happens to oogonia before they enter meiosis I?

A

Divide by mitosis to become primary oocytes and arrest in diplotene of prophase I

25
Q

What happens to oocytes after meiosis I?

A

Two cells produced; a large secondary oocyte and a smaller sister cell called the first polar body

26
Q

Where does the secondary oocyte arrest in meiosis?

A

Metaphase II

27
Q

What happens in oogenesis at fertilization?

A

Meiosis II is completed and produces a mature ovum and second polar body

28
Q

What is produced by the asymmetrical meiosis of oogenesis?

A

One ovum and 2-3 nonfunctional polar bodies?

29
Q

What eventually happens to the polar bodies produced by oogenesis?

A

Disintegrate

30
Q

What may contribute to chromosome segregation errors in females?

A

Long meiotic arrest

31
Q

What are spermatogonia?

A

Diploid germ cells found only in testes

32
Q

What happens when spermatogonia divide by mitosis?

A

Form primary spermatocytes

33
Q

What happens to primary spermatocytes in meiosis I

A

Undergo symmetrical division to produce two haploid secondary spermatocytes

34
Q

What happens to secondary spermatocytes during meiosis II?

A

Undergo symmetrical division to produce two spermatids

35
Q

What happens when spermatids mature?

A

Become sperm

36
Q

How long does the entire process of spermatogenesis take?

A

~48-60 days

37
Q

How many sperm are produced in a male’s lifetime?

A

Billions

38
Q

How did Morgan conclude the white gene in Drosophila was X-lined?

A

Did a series of crosses that showed daughters inheriting phenotype of fathers and sons of their mothers

39
Q

What is hemizygosity?

A

Reduced allele number due to sex-linkage and possession of a single sex chromosome rather than through heterozygosity of autosomal alleles.

40
Q

How is red-green colour blindness inherited?

A

X-linked recessive

41
Q

What pedigree patterns suggest X-linked recessive traits?

A

Mutation never passes from father to son
Daughters of affected males are carriers. Half of sons of carriers will inherit the trait.

42
Q

What pedigree patterns suggest X-linked dominant traits?

A

Trait seen in every generation
Affected male will produce affected daughters and unaffected sons

43
Q

What pedigree patterns suggest Y-linked traits?

A

Only in males

44
Q

How is hemophilia inherited?

A

X-linked recessive

45
Q

How is hypophosphatemia inherited?

A

X-linked dominant

46
Q

What is dosage compensation?

A

In female cells, one X chromosome is randomly inactivated and condenses into a Barr body

47
Q

What are sex-limited traits?

A

Affect a structure or process found in only one sex

48
Q

Give an example of a sex-limited trait.

A

Drosophila stuck mutant males can’t separate from female after mating

49
Q

What are sex-influenced traits?

A

Appear in both sexes but hormonal differences may cause difference

50
Q

Give an example of a sex-influenced trait

A

Male pattern baldness

51
Q

How many groups of precursor cells do sex organs develop from?

A

four

52
Q

What are bipotential cells?

A

Cells that develop as male if SRY is present or female if SRY is absent

53
Q

What are the two types of bipotential cells?

A

Gonad precursors
External sex organ precursors

54
Q

What are the two precursor cells specific to each sex?

A

Female internal sex organ precursors degenerate in presence of SRY, otherwise develop into female sex organs
Male internal sex organ precursors are the opposite

55
Q

What does AMF hormone do?

A

Inhibits female internal sex organ development

56
Q

What does inheritance of a mutant AMF receptor result in?

A

Complete male sex organs and internal female sex organs

57
Q

What does inheritance of mutant androgen receptor gene for testosterone result in?

A

Testis, default external female sex organs, and neither male nor female internal sex organs

BIO207 (9 decks)

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