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CRAAB 2 > Severson: CV Development > Flashcards

Severson: CV Development Flashcards

1
Q

*What is the role of splanchnic mesoderm and neural crest in heart development?

A

The heart develops from splanchnic mesoderm.

Neural crest cells migrate into the developing outflow help to form the aortic arches and participate in the septation of the outflow tract.

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2
Q

Sensory and motor nerve fibers are derived from nerves found in what region?

A

Cervical region

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3
Q

Where is pain from the heart referred to?

A

Theneck region.

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4
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

22-23 days after conception.

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5
Q

When does blood flow begin in the fetal heart?

A

During the 4th weeek

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6
Q

*What are the major venous vessels that lead to the developing heart tube?

A
  1. vitelline veins
  2. Umbilical veins
  3. Cardinal veins
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7
Q

What are the vitelline veins?

A

Drain the developing GI tract and carry poorly oxygenated blood.

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8
Q

What are the umbilical veins?

A

Carry well-oxygenated blood from the developing placenta to the fetus.

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9
Q

What are the cardinal veins?

A

Form the caval system that are the main venous drainage system of the body that returns poorly oxygenated blood to the heart.

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10
Q

Where do all venous vessels drain?

A

Into the sinus venosus of the developing heart tube.

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11
Q

What are the components of the developing heart tube? (inflow to outflow)?

A
  1. Sinus venosus
  2. primitive atrium
  3. primitive ventricle
  4. bulbus cordis
  5. truncus arteriosus (continuous w/ the aortic sac)
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12
Q

When does the heart tube begin to resemble the general external appearance of the adult heart? What happens to the inflow part of the heart (sinus venosus) when this occurs?

A

When the heart tube bends to the right.

It becomes positioned dorsal to the outflow tract.

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13
Q

What is dextrocardia w/ situs inversus?

A

A developmental anomaly that occurs when the heart tube bends to the left instead of the right and is accompanied by a transposition of the viscera placing the stomach on the right and the liver on the left.

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14
Q

What are endocardial cushions?

A

Extracellular matrix that enlarges and produces swellings that divide the atrioventricular canal into the right and left channels.

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15
Q

Endocardial cushions contribute to the formation of what four things?

A
  1. Tricuspid valve
  2. Mitral valve
  3. membranous portion of the interventricular septum
  4. Closure of the interartrial foramen
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16
Q

What developmental anomalies are associated with defective endocardial cushion development?

A
  1. Mitral atresia
  2. Tricuspid atresia
  3. Persistent atrioventricular canal
  4. Atrial septal defect
  5. ventricular septal defect
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17
Q

What is the role of the primary and secondary septum in the division of the primitive atrium?

A

The primary septum forms first, followed by the secondary septum, which forms to the right of the primary. Together they partition the primitive atrium into right and left atria.

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18
Q

Primary and secondary foramina are associated with…

A

the primary septum

19
Q

What forms the foramen ovale?

A

the secondary septum

20
Q

What serves as a valve flap to close the foramen ovale after birth?

A

the primary septum

21
Q

What are the bulbar ridges derived from?

A

Neural crest mesenchyme.

22
Q

What do the bulbar ridges form?

A

The spiral aorticopulmonary septum that divides the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus into ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, placing the pulmonary trunk anterior to the aorta at their origin from the heart.

23
Q

What does the bulbus cordis become in the right ventricle?

A

The conus arteriosus or infundibulum.

24
Q

What does the bulbus cordis become while in the left ventricle?

A

Aortic vestibule.

25
Q

What components contribute to the membranous part of the interventricular septum?

A
  1. endocardial cushions

2. bulbar ridges

26
Q

What divides the primitive ventricle into right and left ventricles?

A

Muscular and membranous interventricular septum

27
Q

How does the muscular portion of the interventricular septum develop?

A

by active proliferation of myoblasts

28
Q

How is the membranous portion of the interventricular septum formed?

A

By fusion of bulbar ridges (aorticopulmonary septum) and the endocardial cushions.

29
Q

What contributes to the arch of the aorta and the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Aortic sac

30
Q

The left aortic arch contributes to…

A

the aortic arch

31
Q

The right 4th aortic arch contributes to…

A

right subclavian artery (proximal portion)

32
Q

The left 6th aortic arch (proximal portion) forms…

A

proximal part of left pulmonary artery

33
Q

The left 6th aortic arch (distal portion) forms..

A

ductus arteriosus

34
Q

The right 6th aortic arch (proximal portion) contributes to…

A

proximal part of the right pulmonary artery

35
Q

Describe the pathway for fetal circulation.

A
  1. The ductos venosus shunts blood from the left umbilical vein directly through the liver and into the inferior vena cava.
  2. Blood from the IVC is directed through the foramen ovale into the left atrium.
  3. The liver and the arteries supplying the heart, head, neck and upper limbs receive well oxygenated blood.
  4. Most of the blood from the right ventricle goes through the ductus arteriosus and into the aorta w/ only 5-10% going into the lungs.
36
Q

What happens to the foramen ovale at birth? Why does it close?

A

It closes!

  1. Increased blood flow through the lungs results in increased pressure in the left atrium.
  2. Decreased pressure in the right atrium d/t termination of blood flow from the placenta.
37
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus at birth? What does this accomplish?

A

It becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.

It increases the blood flow through the lungs and increases the oxygen concentration of the blood.

38
Q

In post natal circulation, what does increased blood oxygenation do to prostaglandin synthesis? What is the role of bradykinin?

A

It inhibits PG synthesis

The release of bradykinin w/ inflation of the lungs leads to contraction of the smooth muscle of the ductus arteriosus.

39
Q

In full term infants, when do ducts close after birth?

A

100% of the ducts close 96 hours after birth.

40
Q

What is indomethacin?

A

An inhibitor of PG synthesis that can be used to cause smooth muscle contraction in a patent ductus arteriosus of premature infants.

41
Q

What does the umbilical vein become?

A

The hepatic ligamentum teres (round ligament of the liver)

42
Q

What does the ductus venosus become?

A

The ligamentum venosum

43
Q

What do the umbilical arteries form?

A

the medial umbilical ligaments–the proximal part remains as the internal iliac arteries and the superior vesical artery.

CRAAB 2 (9 decks)

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