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Geography Exam (Gr8) > Settlement > Flashcards

Settlement Flashcards

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1
Q

Settlement

A

A place where people live

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2
Q

Rural settlement

A

A settlement in the countryside far away from a town or city, can be on a farm.

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3
Q

Urban settlement

A

A settlement that’s is built up, like a town or city.

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4
Q

Primary activities

A

Jobs where people work on the land or sea extracting natural resources e.g. farming, fishing, forestry, mining and hunting.

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5
Q

Migrate

A

To move away from your house in search of work.

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6
Q

Isolated

A

Far away from other places and people.

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7
Q

Dispersed

A

Spread out, far away from one another.

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8
Q

Clustered/nucleated

A

Grouped together

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9
Q

Kraal

A

Fenced off area for keeping livestock e.g. cattle, sheep, goats.

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10
Q

Hamlet

A

Cluster of farmhouses and other buildings in a rural area.

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11
Q

Cash crops

A

Crops grown to be sold.

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12
Q

Farmstead

A

Farm with buildings on it.

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13
Q

Monoculture

A

Planting and growing only one crop.

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14
Q

Mining

A

Taking valuable minerals out of the ground e.g. coal, gold, diamonds.

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15
Q

Quarrying

A

Digging minerals and stone out of the ground.

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16
Q

Name 3 differences between urban and rural settlements.

A
  • Rural: uni-functional / Urban: multifunctional
  • Rural: primary / Urban: secondary and tertiary
  • Rural: Lack infrastructure / Urban: Better infrastructure
  • Rural: Dispersed / Urban: Nucleated
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17
Q

Are Urban/Rural mostly LEDC/MEDS

A

Urban: MEDC

Rural: LEDC

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18
Q

What does MEDC stand for?

A

More economically developed country.

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19
Q

What does LEDC stand for?

A

Less economically developed country.

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20
Q

What are primary functions?

A

Making direct use of natural resources.

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21
Q

What are secondary functions?

A

Manufacturing and production.

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22
Q

What are tertiary functions?

A

Services

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23
Q

Examples of primary functions:

A

Mining, agriculture, fishing, forestry.

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24
Q

Examples of secondary functions:

A

Industries, factories.

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25
Q

Examples of tertiary functions:

A

Doctor, banker, teacher, domestic worker, waiter, pharmacist.

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26
Q

Rural settlement’s functions are mostly…..

A

Primary

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27
Q

Urban settlement’s functions are mostly…

A

Secondary and tertiary.

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28
Q

Rural settlements have …… functions and people. (Uni-functional)

A

Fewer

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29
Q

Urban settlements have …… people and functions. (Multifunctional)

A

Many

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30
Q

What is the rural-urban fringe?

A

An area on the edge of the built up area, often containing a mixture of functions such as market gardeners, golf courses, sewerage works, airports, storage facilities.

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31
Q

What are the 6 functions of cities?

A
  • Employment
  • Residential areas
  • Entertainment and recreation
  • Services
  • Transport
  • Religeon
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32
Q

Land use zone

A

An area where land is used for a special purpose.

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33
Q

Name the 7 land use zonesy

A
  • Central Business District (CBD)
  • Transition zone
  • Residential areas
  • Shopping centers
  • Office parks and business parks
  • Zones for industry
  • Services and recreation
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34
Q

Where is the CBD located?

A

Usually in the CENTRE of a city.

Most accessible.

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35
Q

Where is the Transition Zone located?

A

Area surrounding CBD

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36
Q

What are the 3 types of residential areas?

A
  • High income
  • Middle income
  • Low income
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37
Q

Where can residential areas be located?

A

Can be close to CBD or far away (suburbs).

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38
Q

Where are shopping centers located?

A

Large shopping centers away from CBD in suburbs.

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39
Q

Where can office parks and business parks be located?

A

In suburbs away from CBD.

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40
Q

What are the two zones for industry?

A

Heavy industry

Light industry

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41
Q

Where are heavy industries located?

A

Usually on the outskirts of an urban area.

42
Q

Where are light industries located?

A

Close to the CBD.

43
Q

What do industries need to be close to?

A

The main transport routes, water, electricity etc.

44
Q

Where are services and recreation located?

A

Can be in rural-urban fringe or in city centre.

45
Q

What are the characteristics of the CBD?

A
  • Tall buildings
  • Cost of land and rent is high
  • Most companies have their offices here
  • Busiest part of a city
46
Q

What are the characteristics of a transition zone?

A
  • Buildings and land use are changing.
  • Some parts broken down/renovated
  • Happens as CBD expands into an old zone of warehouse, poorly maintained houses etc.
47
Q

Name a high density and low density residential area?

A

High density: flats

Low density: suburban home with garden)

48
Q

What are high, middle and low income residential areas?

A

High: expensive houses
Middle: affordable houses
Low: cheaper homes

49
Q

Give an example of formal and informal residential settlements.

A

Formal: houses, flats
Informal: shanty towns

50
Q

What are the characteristics of shopping centres?

A
  • Lots of parking.
  • Variety of shops.
  • Entertainment, e.g. movies, restaurants.
51
Q

What are the characteristics of office parks and business parks?

A
  • Safer, closer to homes.
  • Not polluted.
  • Surrounded by parks and trees.
  • Plenty of parking.
52
Q

What are the characteristics of heavy zones for industry?

A
  • Large scale factories producing items e.g. iron and steel.
  • Lots of noise and air pollution.
  • Large areas of cheaper land.
53
Q

What are the characteristics of light zones for industry?

A
  • Small factories producing small items e.g. clothing.

- Very little pollution.

54
Q

What are the characteristics of services and recreation?

A
  • Golf courses: need large areas of land; rural-urban fringe.
  • Movies, restaurants, theatres etc, in city centre or shopping centres.
55
Q

What does the term ‘site’ mean?

A

Physical characteristics of a place where a settlement is located.
(The actual point of land where it’s located)

56
Q

Give examples of site.

A

Availability of water, building materials, fuel, cultivatable land, pasturage.

57
Q

What does the term ‘situation’ mean?

A

Describes the location of a place in relation to its surroundings.

58
Q

Give examples of situation.

A

How close to neighbouring settlements, roads, water ect, the location is.

59
Q

Name 4 characterises of rural settlements.

A
  • Small population
  • Primary activities
  • Sometimes more old people and children (younger adults migrate to urban settlements)
  • Services, schools and hospitals aren’t always available.
60
Q

What are the two patterns rural settlements can have?

A
  • Isolated/Dispersed

- Clustered/Nucleated

61
Q

Where are fishing rural settlements located?

A

Along the coast.

62
Q

In fishing settlements, fish are taken directly from the ….. or …..

A

Sea or freshwater

63
Q

Fishing in rural settlements can either be ….

A

Subsistence or commercial.

64
Q

What does drying and processing the fish create?

A

Jobs.

65
Q

Name some fishing rural settlements.

A

Arniston, Hout Bay, Fish Hoek, Paternoster, Kalk Bay.

66
Q

What are most rural settlements on South Africa focused on?

A

Agriculture

67
Q

Name the two types of farming settlements.

A

Subsistence and commercial.

68
Q

Name 6 differences between subsistence and commercial farming.

A
  • Subsistence: farm for own needs and family
  • Commercial: grows cash crops for profit
  • Subsistence: sometimes a group of families.
  • Commercial: individual farmsteads-isolated and dispersed.
  • Subsistence: traditional farming methods.
  • Commercial: modern technology.
  • Subsistence: labor intensive
  • Commercial: machinery and technology replaced workers.
  • Subsistence: smaller fields of crops.
  • Commercial: farms can be very large.
  • Subsistence: variety of crops, keep livestock.
  • Commercial: monoculture.
69
Q

Urbanisation

A

An increase in the proportion (%) of total population living in Urban settlements.

70
Q

Migration (urbanisation definition)

A

Movement of people as they change the places they live.

71
Q

Rural-urban migration

A

Movement of people from rural to urban areas.

72
Q

Rural depopulation

A

Decline in number of people living in urban areas.

73
Q

Migrants

A

People who migrate (move) as they change their place of residence.

74
Q

Counter-migration

A

Migration from urban to rural areas.

75
Q

Infrastructure

A

Services and facilities in a country like transport, power supply and water.

76
Q

Apartheid

A

A former SA government policy that separated and ruled people according to their race.

77
Q

Commuter

A

Person who travels from home to work and back.

78
Q

Informal settlement

A

Settlement of makeshift shacks, sometimes called “squatter settlements”

79
Q

Sanitation

A

Sewage systems (toilets) and clean safe drinking water.

80
Q

Is SA becoming more rural or urbanised?

A

Urbanised

81
Q

What are the impacts of rural-urban migration of rural areas?(4)

A
  • Leads to rural depopulation.
  • Decline in food/crops produced on farms.
  • Increase in rural poverty.
  • Land not well managed: soil erosion, deforestation.
82
Q

What are the impacts of rural-urban migration on urban areas?(3)

A
  • Growth of informal settlements.
  • Strain on schools, hospitals etc.
  • Unemployment: crime and poverty.
83
Q

Why would counter migration occur?

A

Crime, pollution, high rates, taxes, expensive properties etc.

84
Q

What has the internet and email resulted in?

A

People being able to work away from the city.

85
Q

What has this counter-migration done to previously quiet villages?

A

Pushed up property prices, traffic flow and business.

86
Q

What did the Group Areas Act during apartheid do?

A
  • Divided South Africans into racial groups.
  • White people lived in well developed urban areas.
  • Most black people lived in poverty in rural areas.
87
Q

Rapid urbanisation has created a …… shortage, increasing …… settlements in South Africa.

A

Housing

Informal

88
Q

Formal housing includes:

A

Bricks, cement, proper roofs etc.

89
Q

Informal housing includes:

A

Wood, metal sheets, plastic etc.

90
Q

Traditional housing includes:

A

Natural material; mud, clay wood etc.

91
Q

Name healthcare and education problems. (8)

A
  • Shortage of clinics, hospitals and schools.
  • Overcrowded existing services.
  • Shortage of staff.
  • Not enough funding.
  • People can’t afford services.
  • Difficult for people to travel to facilities.
  • HIV/AIDS.
92
Q

Name the 3 street patterns.

A
  • Radical Concentric
  • Grid Iron
  • Planned Irregular
93
Q

Explain radial concentric street patterns.

A

Streets radiate from a central point e.g. statue, important building.

94
Q

What’s a disadvantage of radial concentric street patterns?

A

Congestion around centre.

95
Q

Explain grid iron street patterns (advantages).

A
  • Easy to layout and subdivide.
  • Oldest part of town.
  • Easy to navigate.
96
Q

Give a disadvantage d grid iron street patterns.

A

Causes traffic congestion because of all the intersections.

97
Q

Explain planned irregular street patterns. (Advantages)

A
  • Aesthetically pleasing.
  • Newer suburbs.
  • Often follows contours.
  • Allows easy flow of traffic.
98
Q

Name a disadvantage of planned irregular street patterns.

A

Difficult to navigate.

99
Q

What is a pull factor?

A

Something positive about an area that attracts people to it.

100
Q

What is a push factor?

A

Something negative about an area that makes people want to leave it.

Geography Exam (Gr8) (2 decks)

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