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biological basis of behavior > set 3 > Flashcards

set 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal

A
  • Toward the back

- Top of the brain

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2
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the stomach

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3
Q

Anterior

A

toward the nose

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4
Q

posterior

A

toward the tail

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5
Q

Superior

A

above another part

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6
Q

inferior

A

below another part

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7
Q

proximal

A

close to the point of origin or attachment

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8
Q

distal

A

located far from the point of origin or attachment

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9
Q

Ipsilateral

A

located on the same side of the body

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10
Q

contralateral

A

located on the opposite side of the body

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11
Q

Tract

A

a set of neurons in the CNS (brain)

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12
Q

nerve

A
  • a set of axons in the PNS

- either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS

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13
Q

nucleus

A

cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

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14
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of cell bodies usually outside the CNS

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15
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • part of the CNS within the spinal column.
  • sensory and motor nerve on each side.
  • send axons through white matter.
  • each segment sends and receives information from a specific area of the body.
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16
Q

If the spinal cord is cut

A

the brain loses control over the muscles below the area of injury and sensation.

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17
Q

Autonomic nervous system - ANS

A
  • controls functions of internal organs mostly w/o conscious thought.
  • Divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic.
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18
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

relaxed.

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19
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight.

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20
Q

Hind brain

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • cerebellum
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21
Q

medulla

A
  • just above spinal cord.
  • controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing, sneezing.
  • damage may result in death.
  • opiate receptors present.
22
Q

pons

A

“bridge”

  • left hemisphere controls muscles on the right.
  • Axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord.
23
Q

medulla and pons

A
  • arousal and motivation

- modifies the brains response to stimuli.

24
Q

the midbrain

A
  • superior and inferior colliculi
  • substantia nigra
  • ventral tegmental area
25
Q

superior colliculi

A

processes visual information

26
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

processes auditory information

27
Q

substantia nigra

A

sends neurons to the basal ganglia to release dopamine.

important for movement.

28
Q

ventral tegmental area

A
  • the reward pathway that goes to the limbic system and to the accumbers.
  • a pathway that goes to the prefrontal cortex for planning and problem-solving.
29
Q

Thalamus

A
  • 2 lobed structure in the center of the forebrain.
  • most sensory information first goes here. If processes as “important” it is then sent to the appropriate are of the cortex.
30
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • just below the thalamus.
  • In the forebrain.
  • Function is to connect the brains (neurological) functioning with endocrine (hormonal) functioning.
  • Controls the autonomic nervous system.
31
Q

master endocrine gland

A

-controls hormone system.
-reg. body temperature.
-reg “4 basic drive”
fighting, fleeing, feeding, fornication
-Important in sleep/wake cycle

32
Q

Pituitary gland

A

produces hormones in the forebrain.

33
Q

Basal Gangia

A

-important for movement.
-important for remembering how to “do” something.
Forebrain

34
Q

Basal Forbrain

A
  • Important in arousal and attention.
  • Sends info to many areas of the cetebral cortex where it releases ach.
  • Deterioration of the area in alzheimer’s.
  • located in forebrain.
35
Q

Limbic system

A
  • a group of structures that regulate emotions and motivation
  • cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus.
36
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A
  • connects lower limbic system structures to the cortical centers.
  • regulating appropiate actions to emotional reactions.
  • forebrain
37
Q

Amygdala

A
  • sits in the temporal lobe
  • process emotional reactions
  • part of limbic system
  • in the forebrain
38
Q

Ventricles

A

lined w/ ependymal cells which produce cerebrospinal fluid.

39
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • important in long-term memory
  • limbic system
  • in forebrain
40
Q

cerebrospinal fluid functions

A
  • shock absorber
  • helps support the weight of the brain (buoyancy)
  • provides nutrients
  • remove waste
41
Q

Gyrus

A

protuberance on the surface of the brain

-cerebral cortex

42
Q

sulcus

A
  • a fold or groove separating one gyrus from another

- cerebral cortex

43
Q

fissure

A

big sulcus

44
Q

meninges

A

3 layers

  • dura mater: just under the skull
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater: lining the brain
45
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

receives visual info from the eye

if the area is damaged
-they cant visualize things or have dreams w/ visual images

46
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

primary sumatosensory cortex

  • main target for touch sensations from muscle stretch receptors and joints
  • processes info regarding what is being felt (spatial awareness)
47
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • auditory information

- contains are for advanced visual processing (shapes/colors)

48
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • in left temporal lobe area

- important for understanding language

49
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex

50
Q

Pre-motor area

A

planning movement

51
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • in left frontal cortex

- important in the production of speech

52
Q

Pre-frontal cortex functions

A 
-working memory
	:where you parked your car
-making decisions
-damage results inappropriate/impulsive behavior
-recognizes consequences.

biological basis of behavior (1 decks)

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