set 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Dorsal
A
- Toward the back
- Top of the brain
2
Q
Ventral
A
Toward the stomach
3
Q
Anterior
A
toward the nose
4
Q
posterior
A
toward the tail
5
Q
Superior
A
above another part
6
Q
inferior
A
below another part
7
Q
proximal
A
close to the point of origin or attachment
8
Q
distal
A
located far from the point of origin or attachment
9
Q
Ipsilateral
A
located on the same side of the body
10
Q
contralateral
A
located on the opposite side of the body
11
Q
Tract
A
a set of neurons in the CNS (brain)
12
Q
nerve
A
- a set of axons in the PNS
- either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS
13
Q
nucleus
A
cluster of cell bodies in the CNS
14
Q
ganglion
A
cluster of cell bodies usually outside the CNS
15
Q
Spinal Cord
A
- part of the CNS within the spinal column.
- sensory and motor nerve on each side.
- send axons through white matter.
- each segment sends and receives information from a specific area of the body.
16
Q
If the spinal cord is cut
A
the brain loses control over the muscles below the area of injury and sensation.
17
Q
Autonomic nervous system - ANS
A
- controls functions of internal organs mostly w/o conscious thought.
- Divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic.
18
Q
Parasympathetic nervous system
A
relaxed.
19
Q
sympathetic nervous system
A
fight or flight.
20
Q
Hind brain
A
- medulla
- pons
- cerebellum
21
Q
medulla
A
- just above spinal cord.
- controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing, sneezing.
- damage may result in death.
- opiate receptors present.
22
Q
pons
A
“bridge”
- left hemisphere controls muscles on the right.
- Axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord.
23
Q
medulla and pons
A
- arousal and motivation
- modifies the brains response to stimuli.
24
Q
the midbrain
A
- superior and inferior colliculi
- substantia nigra
- ventral tegmental area
25
superior colliculi
processes visual information
26
Inferior colliculi
processes auditory information
27
substantia nigra
sends neurons to the basal ganglia to release dopamine.
| important for movement.
28
ventral tegmental area
- the reward pathway that goes to the limbic system and to the accumbers.
- a pathway that goes to the prefrontal cortex for planning and problem-solving.
29
Thalamus
- 2 lobed structure in the center of the forebrain.
- most sensory information first goes here. If processes as "important" it is then sent to the appropriate are of the cortex.
30
Hypothalamus
- just below the thalamus.
- In the forebrain.
- Function is to connect the brains (neurological) functioning with endocrine (hormonal) functioning.
- Controls the autonomic nervous system.
31
master endocrine gland
-controls hormone system.
-reg. body temperature.
-reg "4 basic drive"
fighting, fleeing, feeding, fornication
-Important in sleep/wake cycle
32
Pituitary gland
produces hormones in the forebrain.
33
Basal Gangia
-important for movement.
-important for remembering how to "do" something.
Forebrain
34
Basal Forbrain
- Important in arousal and attention.
- Sends info to many areas of the cetebral cortex where it releases ach.
- Deterioration of the area in alzheimer's.
- located in forebrain.
35
Limbic system
- a group of structures that regulate emotions and motivation
- cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus.
36
Cingulate Gyrus
- connects lower limbic system structures to the cortical centers.
- regulating appropiate actions to emotional reactions.
- forebrain
37
Amygdala
- sits in the temporal lobe
- process emotional reactions
- part of limbic system
- in the forebrain
38
Ventricles
lined w/ ependymal cells which produce cerebrospinal fluid.
39
Hippocampus
- important in long-term memory
- limbic system
- in forebrain
40
cerebrospinal fluid functions
- shock absorber
- helps support the weight of the brain (buoyancy)
- provides nutrients
- remove waste
41
Gyrus
protuberance on the surface of the brain
| -cerebral cortex
42
sulcus
- a fold or groove separating one gyrus from another
| - cerebral cortex
43
fissure
big sulcus
44
meninges
3 layers
- dura mater: just under the skull
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater: lining the brain
45
Occipital Lobe
receives visual info from the eye
if the area is damaged
-they cant visualize things or have dreams w/ visual images
46
Parietal Lobe
primary sumatosensory cortex
- main target for touch sensations from muscle stretch receptors and joints
- processes info regarding what is being felt (spatial awareness)
47
Temporal lobe
- auditory information
| - contains are for advanced visual processing (shapes/colors)
48
Wernicke's Area
- in left temporal lobe area
| - important for understanding language
49
frontal lobe
primary motor cortex
50
Pre-motor area
planning movement
51
Broca's Area
- in left frontal cortex
| - important in the production of speech
52
Pre-frontal cortex functions
```
-working memory
:where you parked your car
-making decisions
-damage results inappropriate/impulsive behavior
-recognizes consequences.
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