Set 2

Question 1

Escape Extinction

Answer 1

Withholding the removal of an aversive stimulus following a response, when this removal was previously contingent on the response, resulting in a decrease in the probability of the response.

Question 2

Compound Schedule

Answer 2

A combination of two or more schedules of reinforcement.

Question 3

Cumulative Record

Answer 3

A graph of the running total number of responses made. New responses are added on to the old total so that the data line can only go up. The slope depends on the rate of responding. The more rapid the responding, the steeper the climb. A horizontal line indicates no responding.

Question 4

Environment

Answer 4

The entire constellation of stimuli that can affect behavior.

Question 5

Establishing Operation

Answer 5

An event that increases the efficacy of a reinforcer and increases the likelihood of behavior maintained by that reinforcer.

Question 6

Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)

Answer 6

A schedule in which reinforcement is arranged for the first response after a set period of time. In fixed-interval schedules, the time is constant from one interval to the next and performance is characterized by a pause after the reinforcer delivery followed by a gradual or abrupt transition to a moderate rate of responding.

Question 7

Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)

Answer 7

A schedule in which reinforcement is arranged for the last of a specified number of responses. In a fixed-ratio schedule, the number is constant from one reinforcer to the next; performance is characterized by a break-and-run pattern (pauses after the reinforcer and then a relatively high and constant response rate).

Question 8

Functional Relation

Answer 8

A relation between two variables in which the manipulation of one variable results in a change in the other.

Question 9

Response Class

Answer 9

A collection of responses that share a common functional relation with a class of stimuli.

Question 10

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 10

Reinforcement that does not follow every response.

Question 11

Interval Schedule

Answer 11

A schedule in which reinforcement is arranged for the first response after a period of time and the periods of time vary across schedule completions.

Question 12

Mixed Schedule

Answer 12

A compound schedule in which two or more component schedules operate in alternation with no stimuli differentially signaling them.

Question 13

Motivating Operation

Answer 13

An event that alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer and likelihood the responses maintained by that reinforcer. This is an umbrella term that includes both establishing and abolishing operations.

Question 14

Multiple Schedule

Answer 14

A compound schedule in which two or more component schedules operate in alternation, each in the presence of a particular stimulus.

Question 15

Pre-Ratio Pause (PRP)

Answer 15

The pause in responding that occurs after reinforcement and before responding on some intermittent schedules (e.g., FR, FI). Sometimes also called a post-reinforcement pause.

Question 16

Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 16

A schedule in which reinforcement is arranged for the last of a specified number of responses.

Question 17

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 17

The conditions under which a reinforcer will be delivered.

Question 18

Stimulus Control

Answer 18

Differential responding in the presence of stimuli that have been established as discriminative through a history of correlation with particular consequences for responding.

Question 19

Topographical Response Class

Answer 19

A collection of responses that share a common form.

Question 20

Variable Interval schedule (VI)

Answer 20

A schedule in which reinforcement is arranged for the first response after a period of time, and in which the periods of time vary across schedule completions

Question 21

Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)

Answer 21

A schedule in which reinforcement is arranged for the last of a specified number of responses, and the number of responses varies across schedule completions.

Question 22

Continuous Reinforcement (CRF) is also known as ______.

Answer 22

Fixed Ratio 1 (FR 1)

Question 23

Describe Respondent Conditioning

Answer 23

First, there is an unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicits an unconditioned response (UR). Next, a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with the US. As a result of repeated pairings, the previous NS comes to elicit the response. At this time, the previous NS is no longer neutral and is called a conditioned stimulus (CS). The response elicited by the CS is called a conditioned response (CR).

Question 24

Is all behavior learned?

Answer 24

No. Organisms come into the world prepared to behave in certain ways. Example: reflexes

Question 25

Is all learning operant?

Answer 25

No. Respondent conditioning is an example of learning.

Question 26

Is thinking behavior?

Answer 26

Yes. It is only observable by the individual, but it is something that an individual does, so it is behavior.

Question 27

Three consequence processes that reduce the future probability of behavior:

Answer 27

Positive Punishment, Negative Punishment, and Extinction

Question 28

Two consequence processes that increase the future probability of behavior:

Answer 28

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement

Question 29

What are the four simple schedules?

Answer 29

Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval

Question 30

What kind of pattern of responding is seen with fixed interval schedules?

Answer 30

Scalloped patterns on a cumulative record; there is a pause after reinforcement then an increasingly accelerated rate of response until reinforcement is delivered.

Question 31

Which schedule yields the highest rate of responding

Answer 31

Variable Ratio

Question 32

Which schedules result in pausing after reinforcement

Answer 32

Fixed Ratio, Fixed Interval