Set 1 Flashcards
Drugs to treat A-fib and their classes
Rate control
- Digoxin
- Beta blockers (Class II)
- CCB (Class IV)
Rhythm control
- Amiodorone
- Sotalol (Class III)
- Flecainide (Class IC)
Hashimoto thyroiditis is associated with what symptom that is unrelated to thyroid
Increased risk of miscarriage
What organ is the body can be affected due to effects of compartment syndrome?
Kidney - ARF
o Increased edema = compression of neurovascular bundles = arterial and venous occlusion = anoxic muscle necrosis (rhabdomyolysis) = released myoglobin fitered and degraded by kidney = heme pigment from myoglobin degradation:
♣ Is directly toxic to proximal tubular cells
♣ Combines with Tamm-Horsfall protein to form tubular casts
♣ Induces vasoconstriction, reducing medullary blood flow
What is the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
♣ Conductive
• Obstruction of external sound to inner ear
• Causes include cerumen impaction, middle ear fluid or infection, decreased movement of small bones of the ear, or bony tumors of the middle ear
♣ Sensorineural
• Involves the inner ear, cochlea, or auditory nerve
Describe Rinne hearing test and what results mean (tuning fork place on mastoid bone)
♣ Vibrating tuning fork placed on mastoid bone until patient can’t hear it ♣ Still-vibrating fork then held outside auditory canal until patient can’t hear it ♣ Results: • Normal: o Air-conducted (AC) sound should be heard twice as long as bone-conducted (BC) sound • Conductive hearing loss: o BC > AC in affected ear o AC > BC in unaffected ear • Sensorineural hearing loss: o AC > BC in both ears • Mixed hearing loss: o BC > AC in affected ear o AC > BC in unaffected ear
Describe Weber hearing test (tuning fork placed in middle of forehead) and it’s results
♣ Vibrating tuning fork placed on middle of head or forehead equidistant from both ears
♣ Results:
• Normal:
o Midline
• Conductive hearing loss:
o Lateralizes to the affected ear because that ear cannot hear ambient noise of the room
• Sensorineural hearing loss:
o Lateralize to the unaffected ear because the inner ear of the affected ear cannot sense the vibration
• Mixed hearing loss:
o Lateralizes to the unaffected ear, away from the affected ear
What malabsorptive process presents with villous atrophy of the intestines?
Celiac disease
Treatment of HIT
♣ Stop Heparin and switch to direct thrombin inhibitor (not Warfarin!)
♣ Need to stop clots = Synthetic heparin (Fondaparinux or Agatroban) and bridge to Coumadin
• Wait to start Warfarin until platelet count recovers to >150,000
• Initial treatment with warfarin is contraindicated because a rapidly dropping protein C level causes a pro-thrombotic state
Describe pathophys of PCOS
o Increases LH = stimulation of theca cells = increased androgen production by theca cells = increased peripheral conversion of androgens into estrone in adipose tissue = decreased FSH (negative feedback) = decreased stimulation of granulosa cells = degeneration of follicles = cystic follicles
Tx of PCOS for someone wanting to get pregnant
Weight loss (first-line) = less adipose tissue to convert androgens to estrone
Describe pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis
o Autoimmune destruction of intra-hepatic bile ducts
anti-mitochondrial antibodies
Pt population affected by PBC
o Mostly occurs in women around age 40
♣ Think P’B’C has a B because women are bitches
Diagnosis of PBC
o Elevated alkaline phosphatase
o Imaging will be normal
o Biopsy will show lymphocytic infiltrate + granulomas
o (+) anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)
Treatment of PBC
o Ursodiol (bile acid that decreases synthesis of cholesterol in the liver; changes composition of bile; delays progression of PBC) o Transplant
Most common complication of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
Retrograde ejaculation
