Set 1 Flashcards
Comparing small ruminants with cattle, which are more prone to pressure sores and which have higher nutritional needs/Kg body weight?
Larger animals are more prone to pressure sores because pressure is a function of weight/area.
Why are polar bears larger than other bears?
Polar bears live in colder temperature conditions so they need to be large which gives them a smaller surface area to weight ratio which means that they lose body heat/ energy requirements than that of other bears.
Why is the life span of horses >10x that of mice?
A mouse is smaller than a horse and has a greater surface area to weight ratio. Meaning that it has a higher metabolic rate and it will burn up giving it a shorter life span.
Why is the life span of elephants twice that of horses?
Horses have a life span that is shorter than elephants because they have a higher metabolic rate. Look at the equations to figure out the actual numbers of years.
Prolonged recumbency can cause pressure sores of the skin and neuromuscular damage as well. How would the size of an animal affect vulnerability of such damage and why?
Pressure damage: pressure is a function of weight/area so that when animals suffer prolonged recdumbency pressure damage is greater in larger animals causing pressure sores; dower cows, nut not downer goats.
Statistics from the AMC (Animal Medical Center in NYC) show that cats have better survival rates than dogs and humans who fall from tall buildings. Explain without invoking the “9-lives” legend.
Dynamic stress: on bones is proportional to strength (force) of muscle which is proportional to cross sectional area. Static stress, however, is a function of body weight. If static stress were the only factor in consideration, larger animals would need proportionally stronger skeletons. Smaller animals are proportionately stronger than larger animals.
In most vertebral regions the number of spinal nerves is the same as the number of the vertebrae cranial to the nerve. Why are there 8 cervical nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae in mammals?
The extra nerve comes from between C7 and T1 which is called C8 nerve.
What is the main factor effecting cervical length in quadruped mammals?
The main factor is the length of their legs.
The main factor is the length of their legs.
On skeletons observe the orientation of the articular processes in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions.
Correlate this with the type of movement you would expect (lateral vs. dorso-ventral flexion).
Lateral would be the type of movement because they processes go on top and under each other which would inhibit dorso-ventral flexion.
- How does the shape of the cervical vertebral bodies vary between horse and dog?
The horse has a convex cervical vertebrae and the dog has a flat one.
- What is the direction of movement of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints?
Atlanto-occipital is yes motion and does not rotate and axial joint is no motions and had the ability to rotate.
- How does the bird differ from mammals?
Birds differ in they have a single occipital condyle so their heads are more mobile.
How do C1 and C2 differ from all other vertebrae and C7 differ from C3-C7?
C2- axis has a dens and C1- atlas lacks a body. C7 is different as it has a high spinal process.
What is the dewlap and poll?
Poll- region between the ears, not to be confused with polled - without horns
Dewlap-a midventral skin fold of cattle that drags in dew covered long grass. In tropical breeds it acts as a heat radiator.
Distinguish poll from polled.
Poll is a region between the ears and polled is without horns genetically.
