Set 1 Flashcards
What are the three main layers of the skin, from outermost to innermost?
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous (Fatty) Layer
Which layer of the epidermis is only found on thick skin (palms/soles) and is associated with fingerprints?
Stratum lucidum
Which layer of the epidermis is the outermost “horny layer,” where desquamation occurs?
Stratum corneum
Where are melanocytes primarily located, and what do they do?
In the stratum basale (basal layer); they produce melanin for skin color
Which layer of the skin is vascular, provides elasticity, and contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels?
The dermis
Which layer of the skin is composed mostly of adipose tissue and helps with insulation?
Subcutaneous (fatty) layer
Name the acronym for the main functions of the skin.
SHEAPS – Sensation, Heat Regulation, Excretion, Absorption, Protection, Secretion
Which skin function detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature?
Sensation
How does the skin regulate heat (thermoregulation)?
Via vasoconstriction/vasodilation, sweating, and insulation from adipose tissue
Describe Excretion as a skin function.
Eliminates toxins and impurities through sweat and natural cell turnover
What is meant by transdermal absorption?
Penetration of substances through the skin
How does the skin act as a protective barrier?
By preventing pathogen entry, aiding wound healing, and supporting immune responses
Which layer of the skin is avascular and relies on diffusion from the dermis for nutrients?
The epidermis
What is the acid mantle?
A slightly acidic film on the skin’s surface that helps protect against pathogens
Which process describes living cells becoming keratin‐filled and eventually shedding?
Keratinization (leading to desquamation)
Name four types of mechanoreceptors in the skin.
Merkel cells, Meissner’s corpuscles, Ruffini’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles
Which receptors detect pain?
Nociceptors
Which receptors detect temperature changes (hot/cold)?
Thermoreceptors (including Krause end bulbs, specialized nerve endings)
Which receptors sense body position and movement?
Proprioceptors
List the main skin appendages.
Hair follicles, sweat glands, nails
What is the first stage of wound healing?
Hemostasis (blood clotting to stop bleeding)
What percentage of facial aging is attributed to photoaging (UV exposure)?
Approximately 80%
What is intrinsic aging?
Natural aging due to genetics and hormonal changes
How does Vitamin A benefit the skin?
It aids cell turnover, offers some UV protection, and slows visible aging
How long does nail regrowth typically take?
4–6 months
Define a macule.
A flat, discolored area on the skin (e.g., a freckle)
What is a papule?
A small, solid elevation less than 0.5 cm
Describe a nodule.
A larger, deeper solid lesion (0.5–1 cm), such as a deeper mole
What is considered a tumor (skin lesion)?
A solid mass greater than 1 cm (e.g., some carcinomas)
Define a plaque.
A flat, elevated surface lesion (e.g., seen in psoriasis or thrush)
What is a wheal?
A transient edematous lesion often seen in allergic reactions (hives)
Differentiate a vesicle from a bulla.
Both are fluid‐filled blisters; a vesicle is under 0.5 cm, a bulla is over 0.5 cm
What is a pustule?
A pus‐filled lesion, often seen in acne
Give examples of secondary skin lesions.
Scales, crust, fissure, ulcer, scar, atrophy
What are scales?
Flakes of the stratum corneum, as in psoriasis
Define crust.
Dried exudate on the skin’s surface (e.g., impetigo)
What is a fissure?
A linear crack in the skin that can extend into the dermis
Describe an ulcer.
A loss of epidermis (and possibly deeper tissue), such as a pressure sore
How does a scar form?
Excess collagen replaces normal tissue after injury
What is atrophy in skin terms?
Thinning or loss of tissue, for example from disuse or aging
Outline the progression of an acne lesion from healthy pore to pustule.
Healthy pore → Whitehead (closed comedo) → Blackhead (open comedo) → Papule → Pustule
Why do blackheads appear black?
The sebum and debris oxidize upon exposure to air
Is squeezing pimples recommended to speed healing?
No—this can worsen inflammation, push bacteria deeper, and increase scarring
What does ABCDE stand for in melanoma detection?
Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving
Give a warning sign regarding the diameter of a mole.
Larger than 6 mm (about the size of a pencil eraser) may be suspicious
Why is “E” (Evolving) important in melanoma detection?
Changes in size, shape, or color can indicate malignancy
Are blackheads caused by dirt?
Myth—blackheads result from oxidized sebum and dead skin cells
Does poor diet directly cause acne?
There’s no direct proven link; however, a high‐glycemic or unbalanced diet can aggravate breakouts
Can stress exacerbate acne?
Yes—stress hormones can increase oil production and worsen breakouts
What is the hereditary component in acne?
Genetics can influence oil production, pore structure, and acne susceptibility
Under a Wood’s Lamp, what does a bluish color typically indicate?
Normal, healthy skin
What does white fluorescence under a Wood’s Lamp suggest?
Thick skin, lint, or surface debris
Which Wood’s Lamp color indicates oily skin?
Yellow
Which Wood’s Lamp color indicates dry or dehydrated skin?
Purple
What does a bright blue‐white color under Wood’s Lamp indicate?
Hypopigmentation
Which Wood’s Lamp color suggests hyperpigmentation?
Brown
What does blue‐green fluorescence under Wood’s Lamp mean?
Possible fungal or bacterial infection
Under Wood’s Lamp, white/gray on the scalp may indicate what?
Head lice
Name one typical concern mapped to the forehead region.
Congestion, breakouts, dehydration, or horizontal lines
What does Chinese face mapping associate forehead breakouts with?
Stress, water intake, or digestion issues
What is Dermalogica Pre‐Cleanse used for?
Removing oil‐based makeup, sebum, sunscreen, and pollutants
Name two key oils in Dermalogica Pre‐Cleanse.
Borage Seed Oil, Apricot Kernel Oil, Kukui Nut Oil
Which cleanser is recommended for dry to very dry skin?
Dermalogica Intensive Moisture Cleanser
What are the main benefits of Dermalogica Active Moist?
Lightweight hydration, oil control, and improved texture
Which moisturizer is known for smoothing lines and providing antioxidant protection?
Dermalogica Skin Smoothing Cream
What is Dermalogica Invisible Physical Defense SPF30, and what is its main ingredient?
A physical sunscreen featuring Ultra Sheer Zinc Oxide
Which cleanser is sulfate‐free and calms redness?
Dermalogica Ultra Calming Cleanser
What is Dermalogica Multi‐Active Toner’s primary function?
It helps even out porosity and preps the skin for moisturizer
Which Dermalogica exfoliant is a gentle daily rice‐based powder?
Daily Microfoliant
Which product is known as a thermal exfoliant for aging skin?
Dermalogica Multivitamin Thermafoliant
What is Dermalogica Daily Milkfoliant formulated for?
Gentle exfoliation suitable for all skin types, including sensitive
Name one key ingredient that soothes dryness/irritation in the Clinical Oatmeal Masque.
Colloidal Oatmeal
Which Dermalogica masque is nicknamed “ambulance in a tube” for aging or stressed skin?
Multivitamin Power Recovery Masque
Which product defends against UV, visible light, and pollution while boosting luminosity?
Dermalogica Prisma Protect SPF30
Why is Micellar Prebiotic Pre‐Cleanse beneficial for all skin conditions?
It lifts impurities and supports a balanced microbiome
Which moisturizer is recommended for oily/acne‐prone skin?
Dermalogica Active Moist
List the steps for Barbicide tool disinfection.
Preparation (wear protective gear, gather tools)
What is the correct ratio of Barbicide to water?
2 oz Barbicide concentrate to 32 oz water
How long should tools soak in Barbicide to disinfect?
10 minutes
What is the purpose of a double cleanse in facial treatments?
The first cleanse removes surface debris/makeup; the second thoroughly cleanses the skin
Summarize the recommended cleansing process for eyes and lips.
Eye cleanse: downward, outward, then underneath; Lip cleanse: corner to center
Explain “Sponge Aerobics” in a facial cleansing routine.
Moving sponges to different rinse bowls to remove product without cross‐contamination
What is face mapping used for during a facial?
To analyze each facial zone and identify specific conditions
When is exfoliant typically applied in a facial?
After pre‐cleanse/cleanse and before steaming or warm towels
During the masque step, what extra service is often provided?
A hand/arm massage for relaxation
What are the four main European massage techniques?
Effleurage (gliding), Petrissage (kneading), Tapotement (tapping), Friction (deep circles)
Define Effleurage.
Light, gliding massage strokes to warm and relax tissues
Define Petrissage.
Kneading or rolling the muscles to improve circulation and detoxification
Define Tapotement.
Percussive or tapping motions that stimulate the skin and muscles
Define Friction in massage.
Deeper circular or back‐and‐forth pressure to break adhesions and increase circulation
Why is it important to apply SPF at the end of a facial?
To protect freshly treated skin from UV damage
Name three common contraindications for facial treatments.
Uncontrolled diabetes, active cancer, severe heart problems (among others)
Why is strong perfume discouraged for estheticians during treatments?
It can irritate sensitive clients and disrupt the relaxing environment
How does human touch benefit a client in massage therapy?
It reduces stress, may lessen pain, fosters connection, and can boost immune function
When should sunscreen be applied relative to sun exposure?
About 15 minutes before going into the sun
Which mask type is ideal for oily, acne‐prone skin?
Clay masks (they absorb excess oil and help clarify)
Mnemonic for the functions of the skin?
SHEAPS
‘S’ in SHEAPS?
Sensation
‘H’ in SHEAPS?
Heat Regulation (Thermoregulation)
‘E’ in SHEAPS (first one)?
Excretion
‘A’ in SHEAPS?
Absorption (Transdermal Penetration)
‘P’ in SHEAPS?
Protection
‘E’ in SHEAPS (second one)?
Excretion
‘S’ in SHEAPS(2nd one)?
Secretion
