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BIO 103 Quiz 3 > Set 1 > Flashcards

Set 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do humans have lower mutation rates than other organisms despite a large genome?

A

Proof reading activity of DNA polymerase

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2
Q

Human genome size

A

3.3 billion base pairs in a diploid cell

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3
Q

Human mutation rate

A

1.5*10^-8 (per base pair per haploid genome)

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4
Q

What are coding regions of mRNA called

A

Exons

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5
Q

What are non coding region of mRNA called

A

Introns

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6
Q

Give an example of reverse transcription

A

HIV

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7
Q

T/F only exons get translated

A

True. Introns do not get translated

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8
Q

Amino acids are _____ letter code

A

Three

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9
Q

Four major classes of genetic mutations

A
  1. Point mutation
  2. Frameshift mutation
  3. Chromosomal rearrangements
  4. Gene duplications
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10
Q

5 types of structural mutations

A
  1. Deletion/duplication
  2. Inversion
  3. Fission/fusion
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11
Q

SPARCL1 is an example of _____

A

Gene duplication event

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12
Q

Which of the 5 major types of structural mutation is important for evolution?

A

Duplication

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13
Q

William’s syndrome is an example of _____

A

Chromosomal deletion

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14
Q

_____ can cause new species

A

Polyploidy

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15
Q

Polyploidy defintion

A

Heritable condition of possessing two complete sets of chromosomes

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16
Q

Down syndrome is an example of _____

A

Polyploidy

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17
Q

In which two of the five chromosomal rearrangements do transposable elements play a role?

A

Deletion, duplication

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18
Q

_____ cause misaligned chromosomes

A

Transposable elements

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19
Q

Most common type of structural mutation

A

Inversion

Inside region is bad, outside region is ok

Paracentric inversion is bad

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20
Q

What was the human genome project, when did it begin and end

A

Sequencing of human genome
Begin: 1990
End: 2003

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21
Q

Whole-genome shotgun approach

A

Sequence genome by breaking genome into pieces, analyzing it, then putting it all back together

22
Q

Next-generation sequencing

A

Set of high throughout sequencing that allows rapid sequencing of DNA. Cost effective

23
Q

How did size of genome change over time

A

Increased

24
Q

Three factors where genome varies in

A

Size
Number of genes
Genome density

25
Q

Relationship between genome size and protein coding genes

A

Proportional, steeper relationship in prokaryotes

26
Q

Transposable element

A

Stretches of DNA that can move from one location to another within the genome

75% of human repetitive DNA is made up of transposable elements

27
Q

Is number of genes a good indicator of organism complexity

A

No. Vertebrate genomes can produce more than one polypeptide per gene via alternative splicing

28
Q

Modes of selection

A
  1. Directional (like finches)
  2. Stabilizing (heterozygote advantage, eg. baby size)
  3. Diversifying (eg. black bellied seed crackers)
29
Q

Define natural selection

A

evolution due to some alleles have higher fitness over others

30
Q

Define population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area and time

31
Q

A mutant allele for a given gene may be _____ depending on their ability to _____ any component of fitness

A

Beneficial, neutral, deleterious, improve, not change, or decrease

32
Q

How do we calculative fitness of genotype

A

proportion surviving * average fecundity

33
Q

Relative fitness calculation

A

Genotype/reference genotype

34
Q

Genotype fitness is _____

A

Relative

35
Q

Four postulates of natural selection

A
  1. Individuals within populations vary in phenotype
  2. Phenotypic variation is heritable
  3. Struggle for ecological survival and reproduction
  4. Individuals with certain phenotypes will survive and reproduce better than others. Thus, this alleles will contribute more to next generation and thus increase in frequency in the population
36
Q

Testing postulate

A
  1. Is finch population variable for beak size?
  2. Heritability for beak size?
  3. Struggle for existence?
  4. Survival and reproduction is non-random
37
Q

Darwin’s FIiches exemplify _____

A

Directional selection (selection consistently favoring certain alleles over the others

38
Q

Directional selection

A
  1. Stops when ecological selection stops in that direction
  2. Stops when all possible genetic variation is eliminated
  3. Eliminates genetic variation (by eliminating less favored alleles from that population)
  4. Produces adaptations
39
Q
A
40
Q

Two major ways males compete for females

A
  1. Direct competition (combat)
  2. Attracting females using secondary traits (peacock’s tails, pheromones, songs)
41
Q

Why is it important for males to have certain traits?

A

Male traits are indicators of “good genes”

42
Q

Define genetic drift

A

Change in allele frequencies over time due to chance events of survival and reproduction from one generation to another

43
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

Population shrinks in size rapidly

44
Q

Founders effects/events

A

When a small group of individuals give rise to large population (due to war/famine/disease/geographic isolation)

45
Q

Negative consequences of founders effect (2)

A
  1. Can lead to increase in deleterious effects and inbreeding depression
  2. Inability to respond to changing environmental conditions
46
Q

Define inbreeding depression

A

Reduced survival and fertility of offspring of related individuals by producing deleterious homozygotes

47
Q

Possible evolutionary forces influencing the fate of genetic variation over time

A

Drift, selection, migration, Mutation

48
Q

Define gene flow

A

Exchange and incorporation of alleles into gene pools of different populations

49
Q

What effect does gene flow have on genetic differentiation?

A

Reduces it, homogenization of allelic frequencies

50
Q

Darwin’s postulates

A

1) Individuals within populations are variable
2) Some of these variations are heritable
3) Individuals that reproduce most are the ones with favorable traits

51
Q

Gene flow results in _____

A

Similarity

BIO 103 Quiz 3 (1 decks)

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