Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Archaeology > Set 1 > Flashcards

Set 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

holistic study of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the purpose of anthropology?

A

document and understand biological and cultural diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do anthropologists do?

A

study ancient civilizations, cultures, genetic and human variability, non-human primates, languages, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 Field Approach

A
  1. Cultural
  2. Physical/ Biological
  3. Linguistics
  4. Archaeology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is culture?

A

learned behaviors, often unconscious standards which people interpret/ act/ understand world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

(ethnology, ethnography)

use participant observation and learning from informants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physical Anthropology

A 
human biology
osteology (skeletal system)
paleoanthropology (human fossils)
primatology (non-human primate behavior)
forensic (applied osteology and context)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Linguistics

A

historical and social (2 branches)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Archaeology

A

study of material remains (artifacts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is archaeology?

A

study of former societies through remains of material culture, of past cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Classes of Archaeology

A

Prehistoric
Classical
Historical
Underwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Field Study: Orogen People

A

Siberia; enthnoarchaeologist studies lives of modern Orogen people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Ice Maiden

A

Peru; Incan mummy rested high on Ampato volcano

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Terracotta Warriors

A

Shaanxi Province; archaeologists excavate and record/reconstruct warrior at tomb of first emperor of China

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some examples of specialists within the field of archaeology?

A

paleoethnobotany, zoo archaeology, ethic technologists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is it important to study the past?

A

to understand world we live in and our roles, help responses to modern day challenges, provide both self and cultural identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hesiod’s 5 Stages

A 
Age of Gold
Age of SIlver
Age of Bronze
Age of Epic Heroes
Age of Iron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pele and the Birth of Hawai’i

A

fiery gods battle for mountain home, shark god teaches surfing, surfer smell a reminder of god’s presence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pharaoh Thutmose IV

A

“archaeologist”

15th BC; ordered excavation of Great Sphinx, left record of work on stone tablets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nabonidus

A

“archaeologists”
Babylon; last ruler (died 538 BC), excavated Babylon to find inscription and evidence of earlier kings
used god and social memory to legitimize rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

European Renaissance (14th-17th C)

A

rediscovery of ancient Greeks/Romans, antiquarians (art appreciation for sake of collecting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What were some of the first excavations?

A

Pompeii, Italy (1748)
Huaca de Tabtallue, Peru (1765)
Virginia Buria Mound by Thomas Jefferson (1748)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

made first scientific excavations in US, aimed to find evidence of indigenous mound-builders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cyrus Thomas (1825-1910)

A

12 years of research, published report in 1894, concluded mounds built by Native Americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Richard Cole Hoare (Early 1800s)

A

excavated 100s of burial mounds in UK

developed TYPOLOGY of mounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some key conceptual advances?

A

antiquity of earth/humankind, Darwin’s principles of evolution, Thomsen’s 3-Age system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Archbishop James Ussher (AD 1581-1656)

A

“calculated” the age of Earth based on the bible, written genealogies, and other sources
world created on Saturday October 22, 4004 BC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stone Tools (17th C)

A

no conceptual place for human artifacts, explained as “thuderstones” or “fairy stones”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Creationism

A

god created perfect world, exactly as we see it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Catastrophism

A

catastrophic natural events changed world dramatically (explained through study)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Principle of Uniformitarianism (18th – 19th C)

A

same geological processes observed in present have been at work in the past (uniform processes)
processes are so slow, that the formations on Earth must be very ancient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Stratigraphy

A

sub-surface layers produce ordered group of fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Darwin’s Principle of Evolution (1859)

A

On the Origin of Species
evolution is best explanation of origin and change of species over long periods of time
mechanism: natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Three-Age System

A

Stone (old and new); Paleolithic and neolithic
Bronze
Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Christian Thomsen

A

developed three age system

first to order artifacts chronologically based on context of find

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Jens Jacob Worsaae

A

proved Thomsen’s chronology accurate using excavation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are some key scientific advances?

A

development of excavation techniques, multidisciplinary approaches, scientific methods, refinement of archaeological theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Ethnography

A

studies of living cultures applied to aid interpreting past cultures (similar simple tools etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What did Taylor and Morgan (1870s) argue to be the suggested model for human progression?

A

3 stages; savagery (hunting), barbarian (simple farming), civilization (highest form)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

By what time was the conceptual basis for modern archaeology initiated

A

1800s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Mesopotamia

A

1800s: library of cuneiform tablets found
1850s: cuneiform deciphered using trilingual rock-cut text (Henry Rawlinson)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Mesoamerica

A

1840s: Yucaten explored, publishing of ruined Mayan city (Stephens)
contested “vanished white race” theories
1960s: mayan glyphs deciphered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Troy

A

1870s-1880s; Homer’s Iliad encouraged search (Heinrich Schliemann), stratigraphy used
also excavated Mycenae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Excavation Techniques: General Pitt-Rivers (1800s)

A

recovery of ALL artifacts, all details accurately recorded in MILITARY PRECISION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Excavation Techniques: Sir Mortimer Wheeler (1930s)

A

archaeology=destruction, publication and training, FULL DISCLOSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Excavation Techniques: WMF Petrie

A

emphasized detailed excavation and publication, introduced SEQUENCE/ SERIATION DATING
Naqada, Egypt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

AV Kidder (1885-1963)

A

stressed anthropological understanding, incorporated many lines of research
built a ceramic typology of the North American Southwest based on stratigraphy
worked in Mesoamerica (Mayan ruins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Sir John Marshall

A

1922: uncovered Indus Valley Civilization

excavated Bronze Age city (Mohenjodaro) and historic Taxila

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Gordon Childe (1892-1957)

A

leading scholar and innovator, dating artifact assemblages (CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCES)
argued indigenous development vs near eastern invaders or diffusion )trade)
suggested Neolithic revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Franz Boas (1858-1942)

A

detailed retrieval and analysis or artifacts/data, massive data base of cultural characteristics: pottery and basket decor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What was the “direct historical approach” used by Frans Boas?

A

back-tacking ancient pottery etc from modern Indian pottery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What was the ecological approach Julian Steward (1970-72) explained?

A

cultural changes
how living cultures function
stressed interaction with environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

assessing cultural change from different adaptations to environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Gordon Willer (1913-2002)

A

studied one of the earliest settlement pattern (Viru Valley, Peru)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Graham Clark (1907-95)

A

examined how cultures adapted to environment, used different specialists/ analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What archaeological sciences had risen post WW II?

A

radiocarbon/C14 dating, dating sites and independent chronology
1960s: change in approach to interpreting archaeological data

57
Q

Why did the Hittite Kingdom collapse in 1200 BC?

A

sources: internal turmoil about royal succession, sea peoples N. Kaska tribes (empire overstretched)

58
Q

Culture

A

an integrated system of beliefs, traditions, and customs that govern/influence a person’s behavior
learned/shared by members of group based on ability to think in terms of symbols

59
Q

Unilinear Evolution

A

savagery–> civilization

60
Q

What is ideational perspective on human behavior?

A

shaped by ideas, symbols, and mental structures

61
Q

What is adaptive perspective on human behavior?

A

shared by technology, ecology, demography and economy

62
Q

Processual Archaeology

A

Lewis Binford
how cultures change over time, group agency, not individual seeks law
culture as system, adaptive approach
scientific/objective disconnected from present

63
Q

Systems Theory

A

allowed archaeologists to break down findings in elemental system components

64
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. observe/define problem
  2. hypothesis
  3. empirical implication
  4. data collection
  5. test
  6. analysis/interpretation
  7. publish
  8. retest
65
Q

What are the level of archaeological theory?

A

HIGH: big questions
MIDDLE: behavior from data
LOW: data

66
Q

What are some examples of middle level theories?

A

ethnoarchaeology, experimental archaeology

67
Q

Ian Hodder

A

postprocessual archaeology; emphasizes role of individual, interested in particular details over grand scheme
symbols and ideas, to jus functions
archaeology political and truth is subjective

68
Q

What are some themes of postprocessual archaeology?

A

feminist, marxist, identity

69
Q

Gender Archaeology

A

examination of gender roles and inequality in profession of archaeology
1984; before, “man” used often to refer to humanity, little consideration for person behind artifact
(Patty Jo Watson and Mary Kennedy)

70
Q

Harriet Boyd Hawes

A

1892; discoverer of Minoan town site of Gournia, Crete

71
Q

Beatrice de Cardi

A

“I am not woman or a man when I am working in the Gulf or anywhere else”

72
Q

Gertrude Caton-Thompson

A

work at Great Zimbabwe confirmed that the site was the work of a major African culture

73
Q

Anna O Shepard

A

acknowledged expert in ceramics of American SW and Mesoamerica

74
Q

Tatiana Proskouriakoff

A

work on Maya glyphs contributed greatly to their final development

75
Q

Mary Leaky

A

working on fossilized hominid footprints at Laetoli, Tanzania

76
Q

What are key principles go public archaeology?

A

material record of past is public resource
steps should be taken to mitigate the impacts
developer pays

77
Q

What is indigenous architecture?

A

Marginalized groups are often overlooked/misunderstood

notion of cultural heritage may not be product of western thought

78
Q

What did western conception of indigenous culture lead to?

A

western conceived notion of cultural heritage has been seen as imposition of western values, leading to homogenization and undervaluation of cultural diversity

79
Q

What ideas does pseudo-archaeology build upon?

A

political/national/ethnic/religious ideal to legitimize
personal goals, since results can be popularized
intrigued possibilities

80
Q

Pseudo-archaeology

A

interpretations of past from outside of academic archaeological community
results in broad misunderstanding about past

81
Q

How does pseudo-archaeology work?

A

takes certain “holes” in history and fills with wildly incorrect hypothesis
believed do to media’s love for entertainment rather than historical accuracy

82
Q

What are some issues at play when viewing pseudo-archaeology?

A

Who has historical right to land?
Who owns past?
Who has “prouder” more noble past?

83
Q

Who has historical right?

A

many governments used good/bad archaeology to get claims to land

84
Q

Who owns past?

A

complex question

e.g., The Kennewick man

85
Q

The Kennewick man

A

NA tribes fought US gov’t for ownership

later studies suggested closest relations to Kennewick man –> Ainu (indigenous Japan)

86
Q

What is a popular example of archaeology and politics?

A

Germany sent archaeologists to dig N Europe, prove Germans were “master race” descending from aryans
shocker: concluded to be master race

87
Q

What patterns are seen in argument made by pseudo-archaeologists?

A

typically present themselves as underdogs facing much larger archaeological establishment
evidence often single picture that can be misleading

88
Q

a priori

A

knowledge that is acquired independently of any particular experience

89
Q

What type of conclusion is made by pseudo-archaeologists about their beliefs?

A

a priori

90
Q

Garbology

A

study of modern refuse and trash; invented by William Rathje

91
Q

What are the classes of archaeological data?

A

artifacts, features, ecofacts

92
Q

Artifacts

A

portable objects owing form to humans

93
Q

Ecofacts

A

portable objects that have cultural significance but do not owe form due to human interference

94
Q

Features

A

non-portable human-made remains that can’t be removed without destroying original form

95
Q

Site

A

spatial cluster of artifacts, eco facts, and features

place where human activity took place

96
Q

What are factors noted about a site?

A

geographic location, function, cultural affiliation, chronological affiliation

97
Q

Name and describe the two site formation processes

A

Behavioral: human activities that produce tangible archaeological remains
Transformational: conditions that affect archaeological data from time of deposition to time of recovery

98
Q

Matrix

A

physical medium around remains

99
Q

In situ

A

from original, used to describe primary context

100
Q

Secondary Context

A

context of artifact that has been altered by transformation/site formation processes after its original deposition

101
Q

Provenience

A

dimensional location of artifact/feature

i.e., horizontal and vertical dimensions

102
Q

Horizontal Dimension

A

(x, y)

103
Q

Vertical Dimension

A

(z)

104
Q

Taphonomy

A

deals with the processes of fossilization

105
Q

Taphos

A

burial

106
Q

Nomos

A

laws

107
Q

N-transformation

A

natural formation process

108
Q

C-transformation

A

cultural transformation proces

109
Q

Bank and Ditch (1960)

A

together, with changes revealed by sections cut across earthwork

110
Q

What are the two types of cultural formation processes?

A

original human behavior and behaviors after burial

111
Q

Original human behavior often reflected archaeologically in at least four major activities…

A
  1. acquisition of raw materials
  2. manufacture
  3. use and distribution
  4. disposal after tool worn out/broken
112
Q

Life cycle of an artifact

A

acquisition –> manufacture –> use –> discard

113
Q

Tomb of Qin Shihuang (246 BC)

A

700,00 laborers worked for 36 yrs

32 m underground, 55 sq m

114
Q

What as an example of a natural formation process involving STONE TOOLS?

A

inorganic; wear patterns

115
Q

What as an example of a natural formation process involving FRIED CLAY?

A

inorganic; becomes indestructible

116
Q

What as an example of a natural formation process involving metals?

A

copper and bronze deteriorate

gold, silver, lead survive well

117
Q

Bronze Head Restoration

A

Croatia; bronze head statue of Greek male athlete survived well

118
Q

What factors affect the survival of organic materials?

A

matrix (surroundings), acid soils–> rapid decay

climate; tropical/ temperate/ natural disasters

119
Q

What are some extreme environmental conditions?

A

dry environments; predynastic Egyptian mummies
cold environments; hold decay process; Siberian mammoths
waterlogged; llullaillaco girl

120
Q

Ice Man Recovery

A

oldest fully preserved human, emerged from melted ice that preserved body for 5000+ years

121
Q

Red Cedar Carving

A

shape of whales dorsal fin with 700 sea-otter teeth

122
Q

Qilakitsoq

A

mummy of 6 mo baby

123
Q

How are sites discovered?

A
  1. Reconnaissance; physical exploration

2. Instrumental survey; using instruments as satellite to map/plan

124
Q

Low Mounds, L’anse aux Meadows

A

turned out to be remains of huts with walls of piled turf and wooden support frame
lack evidence= short lived settlement

125
Q

Unsystematic Survey

A

discovering sites

126
Q

Systemic Survey

A

locating off-site areas

127
Q

What are some qualities of a survey?

A

good maps, choosing sample strategy, transfect/squares, standardized artifact forms, small excavations

128
Q

Field notes

A
  1. location
  2. what was found
  3. observations about site
129
Q

Sampling types

A

simple random, stratified random (split), systemic, stratified unaligned systemic (exception systemic)

130
Q

Extensive Survey

A

adding results from series of individual projects

131
Q

Intensive Survey

A

total coverage of single site/ site cluster

132
Q

Aerial Survey

A
  1. data collection (e.g., satellite images)

2. data analysis

133
Q

Oblique vs verticale aerial photographs?

A

oblique (angled) better to view, vertical better for planning/mapping

134
Q

How are crop marks formed?

A

crops grow taller over sunken features, often visible from aerial viewpoint

135
Q

Remains of Romano-British Farm, Holbeach

A

features in relief show remains of. farm

136
Q

What are some advancements in surveying techniques?

A

GPS digital image analysis, drones, LIDAR and SLAR, satellite imagery

137
Q

LIDAR

A

light detection and ranging; tree canopies can be eliminated, enable ground features to be viewed under optimal lioghting

138
Q

SLAR

A

side looking airborne radar; recording radar images the return of electromagnetic pulses

139
Q

The City of Caracol

A

only tiny portion cleared of jungle, 3D LIDAR projection reveals features

Archaeology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions