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RTD 3200 > Sessions 1-5 > Flashcards

Sessions 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Threshold dose

A

Lowest dose possible that doesn’t result in cellular damage

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2
Q

Sigmoid dose/non-linear (2)

A

Somatic effects——> individual’s body/damage

Cataracts pertain to this curve

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3
Q

Linear dose/non-linear

A

Mostly genetic some somatic

Leukemia follows this curve

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4
Q

Controlling medical exposure for manufacturers (9)

A
  1. Certification labeling
  2. Manufacturer ID
  3. Component instructions (tube info/safety info/cooling charts)
  4. Proper installation
  5. Warning label (leakage can’t be >100mR/hr 1m from tube)
  6. Beam quality…HVL
  7. Radiation not from tube can’t be >2mR/hr 5cm)
  8. Visual/audible signals for exposure
  9. 1 generator
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5
Q

Controlling medical exposure—fluoroscopy (6)

A
  1. Primary barrier
  2. Dead man switch
  3. 5 minute max timer
  4. High output sound
  5. Tube distance
    Stationary (38 cm; 15”) mobile (30 cm; 12”)
  6. Image intensification
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6
Q

Radiation safety checklist (7)

A
  1. SID indicator
  2. Collimation
  3. Beam alignment
  4. Filtration of lower kV (2.5mm AL @ 75 kVp)
  5. Reproducibility
  6. Linearity
  7. Operator shield
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7
Q

Fluoro-safety checklist (9)

A
  1. Source to skin distance
  2. Primary barrier
  3. Filtration
  4. Collimation
  5. Exposure control
  6. Bucky slot cover
  7. Protective curtain
  8. Cumulative timer
  9. Dose area product
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8
Q

Collimator light must be within ___ of ___

A

2%

SID

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9
Q

Alpha -v- Beta

A

Heavy. Light.
++ +/- (positron/negatron)

differs in: mass and charge

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10
Q

Xray (3) -v- gamma

A

Electromag radiation from e-cloud.
No charge produced outside nuc in e-shells
99% heat, 1% xray
—————————————-
High energy electromag rad from radioactive nuclei
——————————-
Source

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11
Q

Bremsstrahlung radiation (xray production)

A

Type of radiation that is given off by tube and produced when e- are slowed down by target atom’s nucleus field

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12
Q

X-ray interaction with matter (5)

A
  1. Coherent (classical/thompson) scatter
  2. Compton effect
  3. Photoelectric effect
  4. Pair production
  5. Photodisintergration
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13
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Ions produced when e- is absorbed in matter

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14
Q

Photoelectric (6)

A
  1. K shell only
  2. Atomic # matters
  3. Lower kV, binding energy slightly greater
  4. Incident photon totally absorbed
  5. Only occurs if greater than or equal to k shell energy
  6. Bad for Px good for image
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15
Q

Compton effect (6)

A
  1. Outer most shell
  2. Atomic # doesnt matter
  3. Higher kV
  4. Too high of energy to be close to outer shell
  5. Slightly abs, deflected
  6. Good for Px bad for image
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16
Q

Characteristic radiation (pertains to photoelectric)

A

After e- is ejected from k shell, outer shell e- falls into that ejected one’s space

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17
Q

Differential absorption bone-v-tissue

A

X-ray transmitted through Px from compton/photoelectric

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18
Q

Factors affecting diff abs (3)

A
  1. High atomic number (P.E. Greater/C.E. Unaffected)
  2. Increased kVp: (P.E. Decrease/C.E. Proportally greater)
  3. Increased mass density: (P.E. Abs increases/C.E. Scatter increases)
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19
Q

Classical (coherent/thompson) scattering (3)

A

Incident photon interacts w/ target atom causing e- to become excited and release scattered xray
DOES NOT LOSE ENERGY LIKE COMPTON
Below 10 keV

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20
Q

Pair production (1.02 meV)

A

Interacts near nuc

Produces positron and negatron

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21
Q

Photodisintergration (>10 meV)

A

Very high energy

Interacts/abs by nuc

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22
Q

Roentgen unit for ____, with symbol___ SI___, and numerical value is _______

Roentgen also measures the ____ produced by ______ in ______

A

Unit for exposure, R
SI=C/kg
2.58x10-4 C/kg

IONS produced by X AND GAMMA in DRY AIR

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23
Q

Air kermia

A

Kinetic Energy Released by MAss of air

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24
Q

Rad is _____ SI is ____ to convert rad to SI unit we do ____

_____ of irradiated object

A 
Absorbed dose
Gray, Gy
Rad to Gray is / (divide) 100
Gray to Rad is x (multiply)100
100 ergs/g
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25
Q

Rem is ____ and SI is ____.
Same dose that produces ____ biological effects
Convert REM to SI units we _____

A

Effected Dose (dose equivalent)
Sievert, Sv
Same
Rem to Sv we divide 100, Sv to rem we multiply 100

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26
Q

Radiation types and Q.F.

  1. Xray photons (low)
  2. Beta particles (low)
  3. Gamma photons (low)
  4. Slow neutrons (high)
  5. Fast neutrons (high)
  6. Protons (high)
  7. Alpha particles (high)
A 
1
1
1
3
10
10
20
**further down more deadlier radiation
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27
Q

Linear energy transfer (LET)

A

How good radiation is at making ion pairs

Amount of energy transferred to irradiated object per micron

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28
Q

Dose equivalent limits DEL
—> occupational worker’s for 18 and older
—> occupational workers for 18 and younger
—> pregnant workers for mom and fetus

A
  1. 5 rem/year (5000mrem/year)
  2. 0.1 rem/year (100mrem/year)
  3. 0.5 rem/year (500mrem/year) fetus
    2-3 rem/year (200-300mrem/year) mom
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29
Q

Genetic effects

A

Hurts future generations by targeting undifferentiated cells
(Sperm/ova)

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30
Q

No threshold dose (genetic effect)

A

ANY amount of radiation causes genetic effect

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31
Q

Doubling dose (genetic effect)

A

156 rem to gonads

Any amount of radiation that hits reproductive organs DOUBLES effects

32
Q

Somatic effects

A

Individuals themselves

33
Q

Short term (somatic effects)

A

~100 rads over short period of time (large dose)

34
Q

Short term effects (somatic)

Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) effects on body (4)

A
  1. Hair loss
  2. Nose bleed
  3. Nausea (first symptom)
  4. Diarrhea
35
Q

Long term (somatic effects). Effects on body (4)

A
  1. Lifespan shortening
  2. Increased likelihood of cancer
  3. Embryological damage
  4. Cataracts
36
Q

Biological damage depended on (30

A 
Dose rate (how quick) 
Area exposed (how large)
Cell sensitivity
37
Q

Lethal dose 50/30 and amount of rem

A

50% of population dies within 30 days ~300rem at once

38
Q

Primary barrier (floor/wall) thickness/height and type

A

1/16” (1.6mm) of Pb 7.5 ft tall

Cement concrete lead

39
Q

Secondary Barrier (hit by scatter—>lower energies) thickness and overlap with primary by ____. Also type of material

A

1/32” (0.8mm) of Pb with 1/2” overlap

Steel, glass, wood, gypsum

40
Q

Control booth glass lead amount, what can’t be done with exposure cord, and fluoro unit curtains/bucky slot cover must have this mm of PB

A

1.5mm Pb
Can’t be removed
0.25mm and 0.25mm of Pb

41
Q

Cardinal principles of radiation (3)

A
  1. Time—shortest for fluoro, static don’t worry about b/c linearity
  2. Distance—MOST IMPORTANT
  3. Shielding—appropriate apparel
42
Q

Exposure time equation

A

mA x sec = mAs

43
Q

Rules for shielding (4)

A
  1. Shield ALL children
  2. Shield men and women in childbearing years
  3. Shield if primary beam is w/in 2.5cm from gonads
  4. Shield if anatomy is not obstructed
44
Q

Flat contact shields (gloves/aprons) advantages (3)

A

Inexpensive
Easy to use
Readily available

45
Q

Flat contact shields (gloves/aprons) (disadvantages) (2)

A
  1. Manipulated by tech

2. Not good for PA/LAT/UPRIGHT

46
Q

Shaped contact shield advantages (3)

A

Used in UPRIGHT/LAT

No manipulation

47
Q

Shaped contact shield disadvantages (4)

A

Needs maintence
Not good for PA
Used incorrectly
Multiple sizing

48
Q

Shadow shield advantages (3)

A

Always present
Ready to use (sterile procedures)
No manipulation

49
Q

Shadow shield disadvantages (2)

A

High initial cost

Can be “off center” to collimator light

50
Q

Radiation instruments~personal monitoring must be worn if opportunity to get ___ EDL out of ___ rem/year

A

1/10

5

51
Q

Film Badge advantages (4)

A

Inexpensive
Lightweight/easy to wear
Legal record
Type/direction of radiation

52
Q

Film badge disadvantages (5)

A 
Exposure recorded only in areas worn
High temp=false readings
Sensitivity decreased if energy > 50 keV
Accuracy limited to +/- 20%
Worn for 1 month
53
Q

TLD (DOSE FREQ OF 5mrad) -advantages- lithium crystals (5)

Thermoluminescent Dosimeter

A 
Sensitive to body
Accurate @ low energies
Crystals reused
Not sensitive to temps
Worn for 3 months
54
Q

TLD (DOSE FREQ OF 5mrad) -disadvantages- lithium crystals (2)
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter

A

Readings lost

Must be read in same TLD group

55
Q

OSL~Al2O3, aluminum oxide. Dose Frequency of 1mrad -advantages- (5)

A 
Rereadings
More sensitive than TLD due to 1mrad dose frequency
Lightweight/easy to wear
Worn for 1 year
Detect energies from 5 keV - 40 meV
56
Q

Pocket Dosimeter/Ionization Chamber ~measures ions in air (X, Gamma, mR) -Advantages) (3)

A

Lightweight/easy to wear
Immediate readouts
Very sensitive

57
Q

Pocket Dosimeter/Ionization Chamber ~ions in air (x, gamma, mR) -disadvantages- (3)

A

Very expensive
Lost/false readings
No permanent record

58
Q

Name given to replacements for Dose Equivalent Limit (DEL)

A

Effective Dose Limit (EDL)

58
Q

4 stages of ARS

A

Prodromal
Latent
Manifest illness
Recovery/death

58
Q

NRC stands for

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

58
Q

Primary radiation definition

A

Name associated w/ incoming photon before interaction w/ matter

58
Q

Attenuation

A

Lessing of beam/scatter

58
Q

Device used to most frequently assess skin dose (1)

Device(s) used to produce mechanical integrity (3)

A

TLD

OSL, TLD, Film badge

58
Q

2 purposes of filtration in diagnostic radiology

A
  1. Reduce Px skin dose

2. Increase beam hardening

59
Q

Amount of absorber cut in 1/2

A

HVL

60
Q

Source of interaction exposure

A

Compton effect

61
Q

Max exposure rate for fluoro

A

10 mR/hr

62
Q

Metal filters in film badge made out of: (2)

A

Copper/aluminum

63
Q

Amount of energy/unit mAs transferred known as

A

Absorbed dose

64
Q

Length of cord to exposure switch

A

2-3

65
Q

Least sensitive badge, and at what eV can it detect

A

Film badge

50 meV

66
Q

Natural radiation is from:

A

Radon

67
Q

1st unit used to measure ionizing radiation (very inaccurate)

A

Erythema dose

68
Q

3 outcomes of Photoelectric

A

Ion pair
Characteristic radiation
Photoelectron

69
Q

2 outcomes of compton effect

A

Positive ion

Scattered (ejected) e-/ion pair

70
Q

Convert traditional units to SI, move the decimal _____ to ____

A

2 to left

Ex) 1 rem is 0.01 Sv

71
Q

Convert to milli you move decimal ____ to ____

A

3 to right

Ex) 1 Sv = 1,000 mSv

RTD 3200 (1 decks)

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