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RTD 3200 > Sessions 1-5 > Flashcards

Sessions 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Threshold dose

A

Lowest dose possible that doesn’t result in cellular damage

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2
Q

Sigmoid dose/non-linear (2)

A

Somatic effects——> individual’s body/damage

Cataracts pertain to this curve

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3
Q

Linear dose/non-linear

A

Mostly genetic some somatic

Leukemia follows this curve

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4
Q

Controlling medical exposure for manufacturers (9)

A
  1. Certification labeling
  2. Manufacturer ID
  3. Component instructions (tube info/safety info/cooling charts)
  4. Proper installation
  5. Warning label (leakage can’t be >100mR/hr 1m from tube)
  6. Beam quality…HVL
  7. Radiation not from tube can’t be >2mR/hr 5cm)
  8. Visual/audible signals for exposure
  9. 1 generator
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5
Q

Controlling medical exposure—fluoroscopy (6)

A
  1. Primary barrier
  2. Dead man switch
  3. 5 minute max timer
  4. High output sound
  5. Tube distance
    Stationary (38 cm; 15”) mobile (30 cm; 12”)
  6. Image intensification
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6
Q

Radiation safety checklist (7)

A
  1. SID indicator
  2. Collimation
  3. Beam alignment
  4. Filtration of lower kV (2.5mm AL @ 75 kVp)
  5. Reproducibility
  6. Linearity
  7. Operator shield
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7
Q

Fluoro-safety checklist (9)

A
  1. Source to skin distance
  2. Primary barrier
  3. Filtration
  4. Collimation
  5. Exposure control
  6. Bucky slot cover
  7. Protective curtain
  8. Cumulative timer
  9. Dose area product
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8
Q

Collimator light must be within ___ of ___

A

2%

SID

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9
Q

Alpha -v- Beta

A

Heavy. Light.
++ +/- (positron/negatron)

differs in: mass and charge

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10
Q

Xray (3) -v- gamma

A

Electromag radiation from e-cloud.
No charge produced outside nuc in e-shells
99% heat, 1% xray
—————————————-
High energy electromag rad from radioactive nuclei
——————————-
Source

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11
Q

Bremsstrahlung radiation (xray production)

A

Type of radiation that is given off by tube and produced when e- are slowed down by target atom’s nucleus field

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12
Q

X-ray interaction with matter (5)

A
  1. Coherent (classical/thompson) scatter
  2. Compton effect
  3. Photoelectric effect
  4. Pair production
  5. Photodisintergration
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13
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Ions produced when e- is absorbed in matter

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14
Q

Photoelectric (6)

A
  1. K shell only
  2. Atomic # matters
  3. Lower kV, binding energy slightly greater
  4. Incident photon totally absorbed
  5. Only occurs if greater than or equal to k shell energy
  6. Bad for Px good for image
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15
Q

Compton effect (6)

A
  1. Outer most shell
  2. Atomic # doesnt matter
  3. Higher kV
  4. Too high of energy to be close to outer shell
  5. Slightly abs, deflected
  6. Good for Px bad for image
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16
Q

Characteristic radiation (pertains to photoelectric)

A

After e- is ejected from k shell, outer shell e- falls into that ejected one’s space

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17
Q

Differential absorption bone-v-tissue

A

X-ray transmitted through Px from compton/photoelectric

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18
Q

Factors affecting diff abs (3)

A
  1. High atomic number (P.E. Greater/C.E. Unaffected)
  2. Increased kVp: (P.E. Decrease/C.E. Proportally greater)
  3. Increased mass density: (P.E. Abs increases/C.E. Scatter increases)
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19
Q

Classical (coherent/thompson) scattering (3)

A

Incident photon interacts w/ target atom causing e- to become excited and release scattered xray
DOES NOT LOSE ENERGY LIKE COMPTON
Below 10 keV

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20
Q

Pair production (1.02 meV)

A

Interacts near nuc

Produces positron and negatron

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21
Q

Photodisintergration (>10 meV)

A

Very high energy

Interacts/abs by nuc

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22
Q

Roentgen unit for ____, with symbol___ SI___, and numerical value is _______

Roentgen also measures the ____ produced by ______ in ______

A

Unit for exposure, R
SI=C/kg
2.58x10-4 C/kg

IONS produced by X AND GAMMA in DRY AIR

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23
Q

Air kermia

A

Kinetic Energy Released by MAss of air

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24
Q

Rad is _____ SI is ____ to convert rad to SI unit we do ____

_____ of irradiated object

A 
Absorbed dose
Gray, Gy
Rad to Gray is / (divide) 100
Gray to Rad is x (multiply)100
100 ergs/g
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25
Rem is ____ and SI is ____. Same dose that produces ____ biological effects Convert REM to SI units we _____
Effected Dose (dose equivalent) Sievert, Sv Same Rem to Sv we divide 100, Sv to rem we multiply 100
26
Radiation types and Q.F. 1. Xray photons (low) 2. Beta particles (low) 3. Gamma photons (low) 4. Slow neutrons (high) 5. Fast neutrons (high) 6. Protons (high) 7. Alpha particles (high)
``` 1 1 1 3 10 10 20 **further down more deadlier radiation ```
27
Linear energy transfer (LET)
How good radiation is at making ion pairs | Amount of energy transferred to irradiated object per micron
28
Dose equivalent limits DEL —> occupational worker’s for 18 and older —> occupational workers for 18 and younger —> pregnant workers for mom and fetus
1. 5 rem/year (5000mrem/year) 2. 0.1 rem/year (100mrem/year) 3. 0.5 rem/year (500mrem/year) fetus 2-3 rem/year (200-300mrem/year) mom
29
Genetic effects
Hurts future generations by targeting undifferentiated cells (Sperm/ova)
30
No threshold dose (genetic effect)
ANY amount of radiation causes genetic effect
31
Doubling dose (genetic effect)
156 rem to gonads | Any amount of radiation that hits reproductive organs DOUBLES effects
32
Somatic effects
Individuals themselves
33
Short term (somatic effects)
~100 rads over short period of time (large dose)
34
Short term effects (somatic) | Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) effects on body (4)
1. Hair loss 2. Nose bleed 3. Nausea (first symptom) 4. Diarrhea
35
Long term (somatic effects). Effects on body (4)
1. Lifespan shortening 2. Increased likelihood of cancer 3. Embryological damage 4. Cataracts
36
Biological damage depended on (30
``` Dose rate (how quick) Area exposed (how large) Cell sensitivity ```
37
Lethal dose 50/30 and amount of rem
50% of population dies within 30 days ~300rem at once
38
Primary barrier (floor/wall) thickness/height and type
1/16” (1.6mm) of Pb 7.5 ft tall | Cement concrete lead
39
Secondary Barrier (hit by scatter—>lower energies) thickness and overlap with primary by ____. Also type of material
1/32” (0.8mm) of Pb with 1/2” overlap | Steel, glass, wood, gypsum
40
Control booth glass lead amount, what can’t be done with exposure cord, and fluoro unit curtains/bucky slot cover must have this mm of PB
1.5mm Pb Can’t be removed 0.25mm and 0.25mm of Pb
41
Cardinal principles of radiation (3)
1. Time—shortest for fluoro, static don’t worry about b/c linearity 2. Distance—MOST IMPORTANT 3. Shielding—appropriate apparel
42
Exposure time equation
mA x sec = mAs
43
Rules for shielding (4)
1. Shield ALL children 2. Shield men and women in childbearing years 3. Shield if primary beam is w/in 2.5cm from gonads 4. Shield if anatomy is not obstructed
44
Flat contact shields (gloves/aprons) advantages (3)
Inexpensive Easy to use Readily available
45
Flat contact shields (gloves/aprons) (disadvantages) (2)
1. Manipulated by tech | 2. Not good for PA/LAT/UPRIGHT
46
Shaped contact shield advantages (3)
Used in UPRIGHT/LAT | No manipulation
47
Shaped contact shield disadvantages (4)
Needs maintence Not good for PA Used incorrectly Multiple sizing
48
Shadow shield advantages (3)
Always present Ready to use (sterile procedures) No manipulation
49
Shadow shield disadvantages (2)
High initial cost | Can be “off center” to collimator light
50
Radiation instruments~personal monitoring must be worn if opportunity to get ___ EDL out of ___ rem/year
1/10 | 5
51
Film Badge advantages (4)
Inexpensive Lightweight/easy to wear Legal record Type/direction of radiation
52
Film badge disadvantages (5)
``` Exposure recorded only in areas worn High temp=false readings Sensitivity decreased if energy > 50 keV Accuracy limited to +/- 20% Worn for 1 month ```
53
TLD (DOSE FREQ OF 5mrad) -advantages- lithium crystals (5) | Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
``` Sensitive to body Accurate @ low energies Crystals reused Not sensitive to temps Worn for 3 months ```
54
TLD (DOSE FREQ OF 5mrad) -disadvantages- lithium crystals (2) Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
Readings lost | Must be read in same TLD group
55
OSL~Al2O3, aluminum oxide. Dose Frequency of 1mrad -advantages- (5)
``` Rereadings More sensitive than TLD due to 1mrad dose frequency Lightweight/easy to wear Worn for 1 year Detect energies from 5 keV - 40 meV ```
56
Pocket Dosimeter/Ionization Chamber ~measures ions in air (X, Gamma, mR) -Advantages) (3)
Lightweight/easy to wear Immediate readouts Very sensitive
57
Pocket Dosimeter/Ionization Chamber ~ions in air (x, gamma, mR) -disadvantages- (3)
Very expensive Lost/false readings No permanent record
58
Name given to replacements for Dose Equivalent Limit (DEL)
Effective Dose Limit (EDL)
58
4 stages of ARS
Prodromal Latent Manifest illness Recovery/death
58
NRC stands for
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
58
Primary radiation definition
Name associated w/ incoming photon before interaction w/ matter
58
Attenuation
Lessing of beam/scatter
58
Device used to most frequently assess skin dose (1) Device(s) used to produce mechanical integrity (3)
TLD OSL, TLD, Film badge
58
2 purposes of filtration in diagnostic radiology
1. Reduce Px skin dose | 2. Increase beam hardening
59
Amount of absorber cut in 1/2
HVL
60
Source of interaction exposure
Compton effect
61
Max exposure rate for fluoro
10 mR/hr
62
Metal filters in film badge made out of: (2)
Copper/aluminum
63
Amount of energy/unit mAs transferred known as
Absorbed dose
64
Length of cord to exposure switch
2-3
65
Least sensitive badge, and at what eV can it detect
Film badge | 50 meV
66
Natural radiation is from:
Radon
67
1st unit used to measure ionizing radiation (very inaccurate)
Erythema dose
68
3 outcomes of Photoelectric
Ion pair Characteristic radiation Photoelectron
69
2 outcomes of compton effect
Positive ion | Scattered (ejected) e-/ion pair
70
Convert traditional units to SI, move the decimal _____ to ____
2 to left | Ex) 1 rem is 0.01 Sv
71
Convert to milli you move decimal ____ to ____
3 to right | Ex) 1 Sv = 1,000 mSv

RTD 3200 (1 decks)

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