Session 9 - Pathology in pictures

Question 1

The heart (1)

Answer 1

• Hypertrophy
• Ascentric left ventricular hypertrophy
  
  • Aortic valve stenosis
  • Hypertension (functional demand increase)
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in cell size without cell no. increase

Question 3

The heart (2)

Answer 3

• MI with tissue necrosis (white)
  
  • Old necrosis in this photo (coagulative)
    
    • Due to loss of blood supply to ischaemia
  • Not a fresh infarct- would see area of necrosis
• White infarct- no dual blood supply
• Thinner walls
• Compensatory hypertrophy of adjacent myocardium
• Fibrosis

Question 4

blood vess;es

Answer 4

• Abdominal Aortic Aneursym
• Just above the iliac bifurcation
• Thrombus formation which fills the blood vessel
• Aneurysm- local dilation of the arterial wall due to weakening of the arterial musculature
  *

Question 5

why people die of an AAA

Answer 5

Atherosclerotic deposition on wall of vessel which weakens the medial of the wall –> starts to dilate

• rupture of AAA
• blood loss- hypovolemia
• embolism of original thrombus- goes into leg- acute ischaemia

Question 6

risk factors for rupture of AAA

Answer 6

hypertension

Question 7

the limb

Answer 7

• Dry gangrene- necrosis visible to the naked eye
  
  • Dry gangrene Coagulate necrosis
  • Wet gangrene - liquefactive necrosis
• Treatment- amputation

Question 8

the lungs

Answer 8

heavy exposure to smoke or pollution

Question 9

the alveoli

Answer 9

• These alveoli should be clear
• Neutrophils- acute inflammation affecting one lobe of the lung
• Lobile pneumonia

Question 10

What is this

Answer 10

a saddle embolism

• commonly refers to a large pulmonary embolism that straddles the bifurication of the pulmonary trunk–> extending into the left and right pulmonary arteries

Question 11

key features of thrombus vs normal clotting

Answer 11

• lines of zahn
• very firm and solid

Question 12

features of Virchows triad

Answer 12

1. Hypercoagulability
2. Damage to the wall
3. Haemostasis

Question 13

pulmonary embolisms generally come from

Answer 13

DVTS

Question 14

risk factors for DVTS

Answer 14

Smoking

Pregnancy

Immobility

Male

Fracture

Cancer- prothrombotic state

Question 15

what is this?

Answer 15

Mesothelioma- due to asbestos- constant repair of pleural cells (white part surrounding lungs)

Question 16

granuloma

Answer 16

central caseating necrosis

Question 17

features of granuloma

Answer 17

With giant cell- langhans

• Tuberculosis

Question 18

what is this?

Question 19

what is this?

Answer 19

appendicitis

Question 20

what is this?

Answer 20

Red infarct- haemorrhagic infarction

Dual blood supply (collateral blood supply)

Question 22

what is this?

Answer 22

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

Question 23

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

Answer 23

• Entire mucosa covered in polyps
• All they need to do is acquire more mutations to become malignant
• Treatment- removal of damaged colon (large bowel)

Question 24

what is this

Answer 24

Gastric biopsy showing Helicobacter pylori

• Chronic inflammation
• Stomach ulcers
• Can lead to cancer