Session 9 - Head Trauma And Acute Intracranial Events Flashcards
What are the two types of primary head injuries?
Focal
Diffuse
What are the different types of focal head injuries?
Haematoma
Contusion
What are the different types of diffuse head injuries?
Concussion
Diffuse axonal injury
What are the different types of haematoma?
Extra dural
Subdural
Intracerebral
What are the different types of contusion?
Site of impact (Coup)
Site opposite impact (Contre-coup)
What is meant by a secondary head injury?
Injury is indirect, a complication of a worsening primary injury that has a delayed onset after the original primary injury.
What is a cerebral contusion?
‘Bruising’ of the brain whereby blood mixes with the cortical tissue due to microhaemorrhages and small blood vessel leaks.
Explain the pathophysiology of cerebral contusions.
Trauma causes microhaemorrhages.
Cerebral contusion forms.
Cerebral oedema/intracerebral bleed leads to raised ICP. This could lead to coma.
What is a concussion?
Head injury with temporary loss of brain function.
Explain the pathophysiology involved in concussion.
Trauma causes stretching and injury to axons.
This impairs neurotransmission, causes a loss of ion regulation and a reduction in cerebral blood flow.
Results in temporary brain dysfunction.
Give some examples of symptoms involved in post concussion syndrome?
Difficulty thinking clearly Difficulty concentrating Difficulty remembering new information Headache Nausea or vomiting Dizziness Sensitivity to light or noise Irritability More emotional Anxiety Sleeping more than usual Sleeping less than usual Trouble falling asleep
What is diffuse axonal injury?
Shearing of interface between grey and white matter following traumatic acceleration/deceleration or rotational injuries to the brain damaging the intracerebral axons and dendritic connections.
Explain the pathophysiology associated with diffuse axonal injury.
Trauma leads to shearing of grey and white matter interface.
This causes axonal death leading to cerebral oedema and therefore raised intracranial pressure.
This can lead to coma.
What is a basilar skull fracture?
Bony fracture within the base of the skull (temporal, occipital, sphenoid or ethmoid bone)
Explain the pathophysiology associated with a basilar skull fracture.
Trauma causes bone fracture which can cause tears in the meninges. This would lead to CSF leakage.