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Pathological Processes - Alex's Cards (ESA2) > Session 8 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Session 8 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a tumour?

A

Any detectable lump or swelling

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2
Q

What are the two types of tumours?

A

Non-neoplastic eg an abscess

Neoplastic eg cancer is a malignant neoplasm

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3
Q

What is the definition of metastasis?

A

A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site of origin (primary site) to a new site (secondary site)

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4
Q

What is the definition of dysplasia?

A

A pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation
It is different to neoplasm because it IS REVERSIBLE

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5
Q

What is the main difference between dysplasia and neoplasm?

A

Neoplastic cells are NOT reversible whereas the dysplasia cell changes ARE

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6
Q

Are benign neoplasms cancerous?

A

NO only malignant neoplasms are cancerous

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7
Q

What is the main difference between the activity of benign and malignant neoplasms?

A

Benign neoplasms are confined to their primary site of origin whereas malignant cells can metastasis to secondary sites

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8
Q

What is the difference macroscopically between benign and malignant neoplasms?

A 
Benign = have a pushing outer margin
Malignant = irregular outer margin and shape and may show necrosis and ulceration
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9
Q

What is the difference microscopically between benign and malignant neoplasms?

A 
Benign = cells are well differentiated ie they closely resemble the parent tissue
Malignant = cells range from well differentiated to poorly differentiated (anaplastic) ie they have no resemblance to target tissue
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10
Q

As cells become more poorly differentiated what 4 changes are seen?

A
  1. Increased nuclear size and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
  2. Increased nuclear staining (hyperchromasia)
  3. More mitotic figures
  4. Increased variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei (pleomorphism)
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11
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

Cells that vary in size and shape as well as different nuclei appearances

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12
Q

What is hyperchromasia?

A

Darkly stained nuclei

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13
Q

Grade is used to indicate level of differentiation. Is a high grade well or poorly differentiated?

A

Low grade = well differentiated

High grade = poorly differentiated

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14
Q

The modified bloom richardson grading for breast cancer looks at which 3 factors?

A
  1. Tubules
  2. Mitosis
  3. Nuclear pleomorphism
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15
Q

What does in situ mean?

A

The tumour is above the basement membrane

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16
Q

Are the majority of mutations due to intrinsic or extrinsic factors?

A

Extrinsic factors (approximately 85%)

17
Q

What 2 things are needed to cause mutation?

A
  1. Initiators (mutagenic agents)

2. Promotors (cause cell proliferation)

18
Q

What is lyonisation?

A

This is X linked inactivation
One of the copies of the X chromosome in females is randomly inactivated to prevent double the amount of gene products being produced in women than men

19
Q

Are neoplasms monoclonal and what does this mean?

A

Yes they are
They originate from a single founding cell
Initiator + Promotor + Progression = monoclonal cell population developing into a neoplasm

20
Q

What genes are altered during neoplasm formation?

A
  1. Proto-oncogenes - they become abnormally activated to become oncogenes
  2. Tumour suppressor genes - they become abnormally inactivated so can’t prevent neoplasm formation
21
Q

Are proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes dominant or recessive alleles?

A

Proto-oncogenes = dominant
When one is activated (to become an oncogene) it drives proliferation
Tumour suppressor genes = recessive
Both have to be inactivated in order for them to stop functioning

22
Q

What 2 types of carcinoma are there?

A
  1. In situ
  2. Invasive
    In situ means the cancer has not penetrated the basement membrane whereas invasive it has
23
Q

What would you call a benign vs malignant neoplasm in the bladder epithelium?

A 
Benign = transitional cell papilloma
Malignant = transitional cell carcinoma
24
Q

What would you call a benign vs malignant neoplasm in the glandular epithelium?

A 
Benign = adenoma
Malignant = adenocarcinoma
25
Q

What is a basal cell carcinoma?

A

A malignant neoplasm in the skin epithelium

26
Q

Can lymphoid or haemopoeitic neoplasms be benign and malignant?

A

No - they are always considered malignant

27
Q

Are germ cell neoplasms benign or malignant? What are they called?

A 
Germ cells are found in the testis and ovaries 
In the testes they are MALIGNANT
In the ovaries they are BENIGN
Testis = malignant teratoma 
Ovaries = benign teratoma
28
Q

What are blastomas?

A

Neoplasms that arise from immature precursor cells and mainly occur in children

29
Q

What are the 3 stages in which a malignant neoplasm gets from a primary to secondary site?

A
  1. Grow and invade at primary site
  2. Enter a transport system and lodge at secondary site
  3. Grow at the secondary site to form a new tumour (colonisation)
30
Q

Invasion into surrounding tissues by carcinomas requires 3 stages, what are they?

A
  1. Altered adhesion
  2. Stromal proteolysis
  3. Motility
31
Q

What are the 3 ways in which stromal cells can reach distant sites?

A
  1. Travel through bloodstream
  2. Travel through lymphatic vessels
  3. Travel through fluid in body cavities (transcoelomic spread)
32
Q

What are micrometastasis?

A

Surviving microscopic deposits of metastasis that fail to grow

33
Q

What is tumour dormancy?

A

When a person harbours many micrometastases

34
Q

Malignant neoplasms that travel in lymph vessels are likely to metastasis where?

A

In the lymph nodes

35
Q

Malignant neoplasms that travel in the bloodstream are likely to metastasis where?

A

In the lung or liver as this is often the next capillary bed that they encounter
However it depends upon the cancer niche

36
Q

What transport system do carcinomas vs sarcomas use when they metastasise?

A 
Carcinomas = most often travel in the lymphatics
Sarcomas = most often travel in the bloodstream (particularly liver, lungs, bone and brain)
37
Q

Which neoplasms most frequently spread to the bone?

A

Breast, lung, kidneys, thyroid and prostrate cancer

38
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

The indirect systemic effects of a neoplasm eg hormone secretion or increasing tumour burden

39
Q

What are the 4 main local effects of a neoplasm?

A
  1. direct invasion and destruction of tissue
  2. ulceration at the surface leading to bleeding
  3. compression of adjacent structures
  4. blocking tubes and orifices

Pathological Processes - Alex's Cards (ESA2) (8 decks)

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