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Session 8: Internal Surfaces of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

Internal surfaces are covered by what two types of membrane?

A
  • Mucous
  • Serous
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2
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line internal tubes that open to the exterior

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3
Q

Examples of locations of mucous membrane

A
  • Alimentary tract (GI tract)
  • Respiratory tract
  • Urinary tract
  • Reproductive tract
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4
Q

The layers of a mucous membrane

A
  1. epithelial layer
  2. connective tissue layer (lamina propria)
  3. smooth muscle layer (muscularis mucosae)
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5
Q

Serous membranes

A

Thin, two-part membranes that line certain closed body cavities (spaces that do not open to the exterior)

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6
Q

Organs that do not move freely e.g., the oesophagus, are surrounded by a connective tissue layer (an ____) that adheres the organ to the surrounding structures

A

adventitia

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7
Q

During embryonic development, which three organs develop next to a bag-like cavity into which they invaginate?

A
  • Heart
  • Lungs
  • Digestive tract
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8
Q

Which three organs are enveloped by serous membranes?

A
  • Heart = pericardial sac
  • Lungs = pleural sacs
  • Digestive tract = peritoneum
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9
Q

Peritoneum

A

Membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

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10
Q

Pleural sacs

A

Surround the lungs

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11
Q

Pericardial sac

A

Surrounds the heart and helps prevent overfilling.

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12
Q

Serous membranes surrounding the peritoneum, pleural sacs and pericardial sacs secrete a ____ fluid that promotes relatively friction-free movement of the structures that they surround

A

lubricating

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13
Q

The layers within the pericardial sac

A
  1. Visceral pericardium = inner
  2. Pericardial cavity = middle
  3. Parietal pericardium = outer
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14
Q

Most digestive organs lie within the ____ cavity

A

abdominopelvic

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15
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum extending from the posterior body wall, supplying blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to the intestines. It is also a site of fat storage

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16
Q

The gastrointestinal tract sections

A
  1. Oesophagus
  2. Stomach
  3. Colon
  4. Rectum
  5. Small intestine = duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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17
Q

The four layers of the gut tube

A

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis externae
4) Serosa or adventitia

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18
Q

Mucosa

A

The innermost layer of the human digestive tract; in some parts of the digestive system, it contains mucus-secreting cells and glands that secrete digestive enzymes

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19
Q

Submucosa

A

The layer of connective tissue directly under the mucosa of an open body cavity.

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20
Q

Muscularis externae

A

Usually smooth muscle layers (Skeletal in part of the esophagus), commonly arranged in an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer (GI Tract)

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21
Q

Serosa

A

Outermost layer; serous fluid eliminates friction

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22
Q

Adventitia

A

A thin layer of loose connective tissue that binds an organ to surrounding tissues or organs

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23
Q

Aggregations of lymphocytes present in the lamina propria, particularly distal ileum where they form…

A

Peyer’s patches

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24
Q

What glands can you find in the submucosa of the gut wall (duodenum)?

A

Brunner’s glands

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25
External muscle of gut wall (muscularis externa)
Two layers of smooth muscle 1) Outer longitudinal 2) Inner circular
26
What is the purpose of the muscularis externa lining the gut wall?
Create successive peristaltic waves to move luminal contents of the gut along the gut via control by enteric nervous system
27
Muscularis externa of gut wall nerves
- Auerbach's (or myenteric) plexus of nerves
28
The mesentery is a double layer of ___
Peritoneum containing arteries, veins and nerves
29
Histology of the serosa of the ileum
Serosa - External simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
30
Oesophagus histology
31
Oesophageal mucosa
Epithelium = stratified squamous non-keratinized (withstands abrasion) Lamina propria = loose connective bearing blood and lymph vessels, some smooth muscle cells and many cells of immune system Muscularis mucosae = thin layer of smooth muscle
32
Outer layers of the oesophagus
Submucosa = subtending layer of connective tissue containing mucus-secreting glands Muscularis externa = mix of smooth and skeletal muscle layers (inner - circular; outer - longitudinal) that move food by peristalsis Adventitia = thin outermost of connective tissue to anchor organ
33
Four regions of the stomach
cardia, fundus, body and pylorus
34
The mucosa and submucosa are folded into ___ when empty
rugae
35
The contractions of the three layers of muscle in the stomach are useful for what function?
Mixing of ingested food with enzymes and mucus to form chyme
36
Gastric glands in the mucosa of the stomach and what they secrete
Simple branched tubular glands Secrete mucus, HCl, digestive enzymes and digestive hormones
37
Adaptation of the small intestine (jejunum) which amplifies surface area of the organ - promoting efficient nutrient absorption
- Plicae circulares - Villi
38
Small intestine (jejunum) histology
39
Large aggregations of lymphoid follicles found in the ileum
Peyer's patches
40
What types of cells are found in the crypts of Lieberkühn of the colon - that secrete mucus?
Goblet cells
41
The organisation of the muscularis externa of the colon changes. The longitudinal muscle reorganises into three bands known as ___ ___
Taeniae coli
42
The mucosa of the colon contains ___ ___ epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
43
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
44
Colon epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
45
Anus epithelium
Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
46
A hotspot for malignant transformation in the colon where frequent metaplasia occurs (change of one differentiated cell type to another)
Recto-anal junction or the 'squamocolumnar junction' (SCJ)
47
Respiratory tract - conducting portion
Nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
48
Respiratory tract - respiratory portion
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli = site of gaseous exchange
49
What type of epithelium is found in the roof of the nasal cavity?
Ciliated olfactory receptor cells (olfactory epithelium)
50
What types of glands can be found in the olfactory epithelium in the roof of the nasal cavity?
Bowman's glands = produce fluid to dissolve odiferous substances
51
Structure of Bowman's glands in the nasal cavity?
Branched tubuloalveolar
52
The lamina propria in the nasal cavity is richly vascularised with ___ ___
Venous plexuses
53
What type of cartilage can be seen in the trachea?
C-shaped hyaline cartilage
54
The fibroelastic membrane in the trachea contains the ___ muscle which relaxes when you swallow and contracts when you cough
trachealis muscle
55
What type of epithelia can be found in the wall of the trachea?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
56
What types of glands can be found in submucosa of the trachea?
Seromucous (tubuloacinar) glands
57
Wall of the trachea
E = Epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar) LP = Lamina propria C = C-shaped hyaline cartilage SM = Submucosa with seromucous (tubuloacinar) glands
58
What is this image showing?
A bronchus
59
What type of epithelium can be found in the bronchus?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
60
Bronchus
E = Epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar) M = Smooth muscle G = Glands in submucosa C = Crescent-shaped hyaline cartilage
61
What types of epithelium lines smaller respiratory bronchioles?
Cuboidal epithelium
62
Difference between bronchus and bronchiole structure
Bronchiole = no cartilage to keep the lumen open Bronchus = crescent-shaped hyaline cartilage to keep lumen open
63
Smaller, respiratory bronchioles have no smooth muscle and are lined with ___ epithelium
cuboidal
64
A respiratory bronchiole
E = Epithelium (simple columnar: varies from ciliated to cuboidal) M = Smooth muscle A = Alveoli
65
a) Type I pneumocytes function b) Type of epithelium found in type I pneumocytes
a) Extremely thin alveolar cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange b) Simple squamous epithelial cells
66
a) Type II pneumocytes function b) Type of epithelium found in type II pneumocytes
a) Production of alveolar surfactant b) Cuboidal epithelial cells
67
Macrophages found lining the alveolar surface which phagocytose foreign particles
Dust cells
68
Type I pneumocytes account for ___% of alveolar cell population but cover ___% of surface area of the alveoli
Type I pneumocytes account for 40% of alveolar cell population but cover 95% of surface area of the alveoli
69
Type II pneumocytes account for ___% of the alveolar cell population, but cover only ___% of the alveolar surface
Type II pneumocytes account for 60% of the alveolar cell population, but cover only 5% of the alveolar surface
70
Cells of the alveolus
- Simple squamous (type I) alveolar cells - Cuboidal (type II) alveolar cells - Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
71
Urinary tract
72
Renal calyces
Cup-like cavities that collect urine and empty into the renal pelvis
73
The renal calyces are lined with ___ epithelium
Transitional
74
The ureter
TE = Transitional epithelium LP = Fibroelastic lamina propria ME = Muscularis externa
75
Importance of transitional epithelium in the urinary tract?
- Distensible = tissues can expand when bladder fills with urine - Protection = (multiple layers thick) from cytotoxic effects of urine
76
The muscularis (smooth muscle) in the bladder wall is comprised of three poorly-delineated layers forming the ___ muscle
detrusor
77
Transitional epithelium (urothelium) of the bladder
78
The proximal region of the urethra is lined by ___ epithelium
Transitional
79
The female urethra is entirely ___ The male urethra has both ___ and ___ roles
The female urethra is entirely urinary The male urethra has both urinary and reproductive roles
80
Distal regions of the urethra (which open to the outside) are lined with what type of epithelium?
Stratified squamous, non-keratinised epithelium
81
The penile urethra is enclosed by the __________.
Corpus spongiosum
82
What type of epithelium can be found in the penile urethra?
Stratified columnar epithelium
83
Does the peritoneal cavity connect to exterior?
Body cavities tubes and ducts that are enclosed and make no connection with the exterior of the body
84
Does the respiratory tract connect to exterior?
Body cavities tubes and ducts that ultimately connect with the exterior of the body
85
Does the pleural cavity connect to exterior?
Body cavities tubes and ducts that are enclosed and make no connection with the exterior
86
Does the pericardial cavity connect to exterior?
Body cavities tubes and ducts that are enclosed and make no connection with the exterior
87
Does the alimentary canal connect to exterior?
Body cavities tubes and ducts that ultimately connect with the exterior of the body
88
Does the cardiovascular system connect to exterior?
Body cavities tubes and ducts that are enclosed and make no connection with the exterior
89
Micrograph of oesophagus. Identify B
Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
90
Micrograph of oesophagus. Identify D
Submucosa
91
Micrograph of oesophagus. Identify A
Oesophageal lumen
92
Micrograph of oesophagus. Identify G
Adventitia
93
Micrograph of oesophagus. Identify H
Lamina propria
94
Micrograph of oesophagus. Identify C
Muscularis mucosae
95
Micrograph of oesophagus. Identify E
Mix of skeletal and smooth muscle of circular layer
96
Micrograph of oesophagus. Identify longitudinal muscle layer
F
97
Histological section of small intestine. Identify structures
A = MALT B = Submucosa C = Circular muscle D = Longitudinal muscle E = Mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium of the serosa) F = Mucosa
98
Histological section of villus. Identify structure
A = Goblet cell B = Enterocytes (simple columnar epithelium) C = Lamina propria D = Isolated smooth muscle fibres E = Muscularis mucosa F = Blood vessels in submucosa
99
Histological section of region of colon Identify structure A = B = C = D = E = F = G =
A = Mesothelium comprised of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium B = Outer longitudinal smooth muscle C = Inner circular smooth muscle D = Region of loose or dense irregular connective tissue containing glands, adipose, nerve, immune cells and blood vessels E = Structure that allows local movement of the mucosa F = Mucous membrane comprised of simple columnar epithelium with supporting lamina propria and smooth muscle G = Region of lymphoid tissue
100
Identify the two epithelia labelled A and B in the following photomicrograph of the recto-anal junction
Epithelium A = Simple columnar Epithelium B = Stratified squamous non-keratinised
101
Identify features labelled A-E in this diagram of a section of the heart wall
A = Parietal layers of serous pericardium B = Pericardial cavity C = Visceral layers of serous pericardium (epicardium) D = Myocardium E = Endocardium
102
Photomicrograph of a small bronchus is shown. Identify features labelled A-E
A = Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium B = Hyaline cartilage C = Smooth muscle D = Blood vessel E = Alveolar sac
103
A histological section of the visceral pleura of the lung is shown. what type of epithelium is indicated by the arrow...
Simple squamous
104
Histological section of a ureter is shown (H&E). Identify features labelled A-E
A = Lumen B = Transitional epithelium C = Dense irregular connective tissue D = Smooth muscle E = Adipose tissue
105
Identify features in the following photomicrograph of a histological section of scalp skin
A = Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium B = Region of dense irregular connective tissue C = An arrector pili muscle D = A sebaceous gland E = Eccrine sweat glands F = Adipose G = A blood vessel H = Germinal region of a hair follicle
106
Identify the cell types in the following photomicrograph of a sweat gland
A = Simple squamous epithlium of capillary B = Stratified cuboidal epithelium of duct C = Secretory portion of sweat gland D = Myoepithelial cells
107
Difference between bronchus and bronchiole (histologically)?
Presence of crescent-shaped hyaline cartilage in the bronchus to keep the bronchus open

Tissues of body (14 decks)

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