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ICPP (Milly's) > Session 8 (Autonomic Nervous System) > Flashcards

Session 8 (Autonomic Nervous System) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters after they have ‘done their job’?

A

They are recaptured + repackaged or degraded

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2
Q

What specific stage of neurotransmission is targeted for therapeutic use?

A

Interactions with post synaptic receptors

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3
Q

How is ACh produced?

A

acetyl CoA + Choline –> ACh (+coenzyme A)

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4
Q

What enzyme is uses to produced ACh?

A

Choline acetyltransferase (CAT)

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5
Q

How is ACh degraded? And which enzyme is used for this process?

A

ACh—>choline + acetate

Acetylcholine esterase (AChE)

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6
Q

Why can only autonomic ganglia be targeted for their nAChRs and not the somatic neuromuscular junctions as well?

A

Because nAChRs differ in structure

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7
Q

Where would you find ACh and mAChRs in the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic post ganglionic synapses

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8
Q

Where would you ind ACh and nAChR?

A

Sympathetic/parasympathetic pre-ganglionic synapses

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9
Q

What are the results of non-specific cholinergic drugs?

A

Unwanted side effects

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10
Q

What could happen if the parasympathetic NS is overstimulated?

A

SLUDGE

Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI upset and emetics-vomiting

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11
Q

How are mAChR agonist and antagonists be used for clinical use?

A

Locally (as opposed to systemically)

*antagonists are used more widely

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12
Q

What are most sympathetic post ganglion neurones? (In terms of neurotransmitters)

A

Noradrenergic

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13
Q

What are the precursors of noradrenaline? What are the enzymes involved in the production of noradrenaline?

A

Tyrosine->DOPA->Dopamine->noradrenaline

Tyrosine to DOPA= tyrosine hydroxylase
DOPA to Dopamine= DOPA decarboxylase
Dopamine to noradrenaline = Dopamine (beta) hydroxylase

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14
Q

Where in the body is noradrenaline converted to adrenaline?

A

Adrenal medulla

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15
Q

How is noradrenaline release controlled?

A

By Ca2+ depended exocytosis

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16
Q

What is Uptake 1 in termination of NA (noradrenaline) transmission?

A

The reuptake by Na+ dependent, high affinity transporters

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17
Q

What is uptake 2 in termination of NA (noradrenaline) transmission?

A

Something with a low affinity that picks up any NA left by uptake 1

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18
Q

What 2 enzymes metabolise NA?

A

MAO (monoamine oxidase), COMT (catechol-o-methyltransferase)

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19
Q

Where do nerves from the sympathetic NS stem?

A

Lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar spine

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20
Q

What are the sizes and myelination of the symp. Neurones?

A

Pre ganglionic- short, myelinated

Post ganglionic - opposite

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21
Q

Where are the ganglion in the symp. NS?

A

In the paravertebral (sympathetic) chain

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22
Q

What is the neurotransmitter found at the ganglionic junctions?

A

ACh (working at nAChRs)

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23
Q

What is the neurotransmitter found at the effector junctions of the sympathetic NS?

A

Noradrenaline (working on adrenoreceptors -alpha1,2/beta1,2,3)

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24
Q

When might you see a neurotransmitter other than NA in an effector junction of the sympathetic NS?

A

In some specialised neurones (ie sweat glands, hair follicles you might ACh + mAChR)

25
What other types of neurotransmitters can you find in the sympathetic NS?
NANC- non adrenergic non cholinergic transmitters
26
Name a few NANC transmitters? (3)
ATP, nitric oxide, neuropeptides
27
What do sympathetic neurones differentiate into within the adrenal glands?
Chromaffin cells
28
What are chromaffin cells innervated by?
Pre ganglionic sympathetic neurones
29
Where do nerve from the parasympathetic NS stem?
The lateral horn of the medulla and sacral sections of the spine
30
What are the sizes and myelination of the parasympathetic neurones?
Pre ganglionic->long and myelinated | Post ganglionic->opposite
31
Where are the ganglion in the parasympathetic NS?
In or close to the innervated tissues
32
What is the neurotransmitter found at the ganglionic junction of the parasympathetic NS?
ACh (+ nAChR)
33
What is the neurotransmitter found at the effector junction of the parasympathetic NS?
ACh (+mAChR)
34
What can be said about all pre-ganglionic neurones?
They're cholinergic (ACh + nAChR)
35
Which autonomic NS cause asthma?
Parasympathetic- causes contraction of the smooth muscles= bronchoconstriction
36
What type of receptors are found in the airway's smooth muscles?
Beta 2 adrenoreceptors *the smaller the diameter of the airway, the greater the density of receptors*
37
How do adrenoreceptors cause relaxation?
Causes production of PKa therefore decreases Ca2+ influx therefore cell relaxes
38
What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do?
Causes the kidneys to reduce water and Na+ lose
39
What is the starting point of RAAS?
Angiotensinogen
40
What do angiotensinogen cause?
The kidneys to release renin (enzyme)
41
What do angiotensinogen and renin produce?
Angiotensin 1
42
What does angiotensin 1 do in the body?
Causes the lungs to release ACE
43
What does angiotensin+ACE=?
Angiotensin 2
44
What does angiotensin 2 do in the body?
Causes the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone
45
What does aldosterone do to the body?
Helps regulate blood pressure
46
How does aldosterone affect blood pressue?
It increases it by causing the kidneys to reduce Na+ and water loss It also causes vasoconstriction in the arterioles within the kidneys which increases BP
47
Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic pre ganglionic neurones?
In the lateral horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord
48
What are the 4 main types of drugs used to target cholinergic terminals?
Nicotinic cholineceptor antagonists Muscarinic cholineceptor antagonists Muscarinic cholineceptor agonists Cholinesterase inhibitors
49
Where can nicotinic cholineceptor antagonist work?
Ganglion and neuromuscular junctions
50
When might you use a nicotinic cholineceptor antagonist?
To paralyse during anaesthesia
51
Why might you get side effects using a muscarinic cholineceptor agonist?
Because they are not very selective between mAChR and nAChR | Have varying resistance to cholinesterase
52
Why would you want to administer a musacrinic cholineceptor antagonist (+agonist) locally?
Because they have little selevtivity for receptor types
53
What are cholinesterase inhibitors used for?
Reversing the effects of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents (ie in anaesthesia)
54
Name the 4 types of adrenoreceptor agonists?
Selective a1/a2/b1/b2
55
What is a b1 adrenoreceptor agonist used for?
Treating circulatory shock (b1 receptors found in heart)
56
What is a b2 adrenoreceptor agonist used for?
Reversing bronchoconstriction (b2 receptors found in the lungs)
57
What is an a1 adrenoreceptor agonist used for?
As a nasal decongestant/local vasoconstriction (a1 found in smooth muscles)
58
What is an a2 adrenoreceptor agonist used for?
Treating hypertension (a2 receptors found in the smooth muscles of blood vessels)

ICPP (Milly's) (8 decks)

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