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ICPP (Milly's) > Session 8 (Autonomic Nervous System) > Flashcards

Session 8 (Autonomic Nervous System) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters after they have ‘done their job’?

A

They are recaptured + repackaged or degraded

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2
Q

What specific stage of neurotransmission is targeted for therapeutic use?

A

Interactions with post synaptic receptors

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3
Q

How is ACh produced?

A

acetyl CoA + Choline –> ACh (+coenzyme A)

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4
Q

What enzyme is uses to produced ACh?

A

Choline acetyltransferase (CAT)

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5
Q

How is ACh degraded? And which enzyme is used for this process?

A

ACh—>choline + acetate

Acetylcholine esterase (AChE)

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6
Q

Why can only autonomic ganglia be targeted for their nAChRs and not the somatic neuromuscular junctions as well?

A

Because nAChRs differ in structure

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7
Q

Where would you find ACh and mAChRs in the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic post ganglionic synapses

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8
Q

Where would you ind ACh and nAChR?

A

Sympathetic/parasympathetic pre-ganglionic synapses

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9
Q

What are the results of non-specific cholinergic drugs?

A

Unwanted side effects

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10
Q

What could happen if the parasympathetic NS is overstimulated?

A

SLUDGE

Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI upset and emetics-vomiting

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11
Q

How are mAChR agonist and antagonists be used for clinical use?

A

Locally (as opposed to systemically)

*antagonists are used more widely

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12
Q

What are most sympathetic post ganglion neurones? (In terms of neurotransmitters)

A

Noradrenergic

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13
Q

What are the precursors of noradrenaline? What are the enzymes involved in the production of noradrenaline?

A

Tyrosine->DOPA->Dopamine->noradrenaline

Tyrosine to DOPA= tyrosine hydroxylase
DOPA to Dopamine= DOPA decarboxylase
Dopamine to noradrenaline = Dopamine (beta) hydroxylase

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14
Q

Where in the body is noradrenaline converted to adrenaline?

A

Adrenal medulla

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15
Q

How is noradrenaline release controlled?

A

By Ca2+ depended exocytosis

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16
Q

What is Uptake 1 in termination of NA (noradrenaline) transmission?

A

The reuptake by Na+ dependent, high affinity transporters

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17
Q

What is uptake 2 in termination of NA (noradrenaline) transmission?

A

Something with a low affinity that picks up any NA left by uptake 1

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18
Q

What 2 enzymes metabolise NA?

A

MAO (monoamine oxidase), COMT (catechol-o-methyltransferase)

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19
Q

Where do nerves from the sympathetic NS stem?

A

Lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar spine

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20
Q

What are the sizes and myelination of the symp. Neurones?

A

Pre ganglionic- short, myelinated

Post ganglionic - opposite

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21
Q

Where are the ganglion in the symp. NS?

A

In the paravertebral (sympathetic) chain

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22
Q

What is the neurotransmitter found at the ganglionic junctions?

A

ACh (working at nAChRs)

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23
Q

What is the neurotransmitter found at the effector junctions of the sympathetic NS?

A

Noradrenaline (working on adrenoreceptors -alpha1,2/beta1,2,3)

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24
Q

When might you see a neurotransmitter other than NA in an effector junction of the sympathetic NS?

A

In some specialised neurones (ie sweat glands, hair follicles you might ACh + mAChR)

25
Q

What other types of neurotransmitters can you find in the sympathetic NS?

A

NANC- non adrenergic non cholinergic transmitters

26
Q

Name a few NANC transmitters? (3)

A

ATP, nitric oxide, neuropeptides

27
Q

What do sympathetic neurones differentiate into within the adrenal glands?

A

Chromaffin cells

28
Q

What are chromaffin cells innervated by?

A

Pre ganglionic sympathetic neurones

29
Q

Where do nerve from the parasympathetic NS stem?

A

The lateral horn of the medulla and sacral sections of the spine

30
Q

What are the sizes and myelination of the parasympathetic neurones?

A

Pre ganglionic->long and myelinated

Post ganglionic->opposite

31
Q

Where are the ganglion in the parasympathetic NS?

A

In or close to the innervated tissues

32
Q

What is the neurotransmitter found at the ganglionic junction of the parasympathetic NS?

A

ACh (+ nAChR)

33
Q

What is the neurotransmitter found at the effector junction of the parasympathetic NS?

A

ACh (+mAChR)

34
Q

What can be said about all pre-ganglionic neurones?

A

They’re cholinergic (ACh + nAChR)

35
Q

Which autonomic NS cause asthma?

A

Parasympathetic- causes contraction of the smooth muscles= bronchoconstriction

36
Q

What type of receptors are found in the airway’s smooth muscles?

A

Beta 2 adrenoreceptors

the smaller the diameter of the airway, the greater the density of receptors

37
Q

How do adrenoreceptors cause relaxation?

A

Causes production of PKa therefore decreases Ca2+ influx therefore cell relaxes

38
Q

What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do?

A

Causes the kidneys to reduce water and Na+ lose

39
Q

What is the starting point of RAAS?

A

Angiotensinogen

40
Q

What do angiotensinogen cause?

A

The kidneys to release renin (enzyme)

41
Q

What do angiotensinogen and renin produce?

A

Angiotensin 1

42
Q

What does angiotensin 1 do in the body?

A

Causes the lungs to release ACE

43
Q

What does angiotensin+ACE=?

A

Angiotensin 2

44
Q

What does angiotensin 2 do in the body?

A

Causes the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone

45
Q

What does aldosterone do to the body?

A

Helps regulate blood pressure

46
Q

How does aldosterone affect blood pressue?

A

It increases it by causing the kidneys to reduce Na+ and water loss
It also causes vasoconstriction in the arterioles within the kidneys which increases BP

47
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic pre ganglionic neurones?

A

In the lateral horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord

48
Q

What are the 4 main types of drugs used to target cholinergic terminals?

A

Nicotinic cholineceptor antagonists
Muscarinic cholineceptor antagonists
Muscarinic cholineceptor agonists
Cholinesterase inhibitors

49
Q

Where can nicotinic cholineceptor antagonist work?

A

Ganglion and neuromuscular junctions

50
Q

When might you use a nicotinic cholineceptor antagonist?

A

To paralyse during anaesthesia

51
Q

Why might you get side effects using a muscarinic cholineceptor agonist?

A

Because they are not very selective between mAChR and nAChR

Have varying resistance to cholinesterase

52
Q

Why would you want to administer a musacrinic cholineceptor antagonist (+agonist) locally?

A

Because they have little selevtivity for receptor types

53
Q

What are cholinesterase inhibitors used for?

A

Reversing the effects of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents (ie in anaesthesia)

54
Q

Name the 4 types of adrenoreceptor agonists?

A

Selective a1/a2/b1/b2

55
Q

What is a b1 adrenoreceptor agonist used for?

A

Treating circulatory shock (b1 receptors found in heart)

56
Q

What is a b2 adrenoreceptor agonist used for?

A

Reversing bronchoconstriction (b2 receptors found in the lungs)

57
Q

What is an a1 adrenoreceptor agonist used for?

A

As a nasal decongestant/local vasoconstriction (a1 found in smooth muscles)

58
Q

What is an a2 adrenoreceptor agonist used for?

A

Treating hypertension (a2 receptors found in the smooth muscles of blood vessels)

ICPP (Milly's) (8 decks)

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