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MSK > Session 8 > Flashcards

Session 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of the Vertebral column

  1. How many vertebrae are there? What are each of the sections of the vertebrae called & how many vertebrae are in each section
  2. How many Discrete Single Vertebrae are there? What does this allow?
  3. Mobile section of the spine ?
  4. Immobile section of the spine?
  5. How many vertebrae are fused? What do the fused vertebrae form?
A
  1. 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal
  2. 24 separable vertebrae • All capable of individual movement
  3. Cervical & Lumbar
  4. Relatively Immobile – Thoracic (due to ribs & angles)
  5. 9 vertebrae fused to give 2 innominate structures

– Sacrum (fusion of 5 vertebrae)

– Coccyx (fusion of 4 vertebrae)

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

Functions of the Vertebral column LO

What are the five functions?

A
  • Central bony pillar of the body.
  • Supports the skull, pelvis, upper limbs & the thoracic cage.
  • Protection of the spinal cord & the

cauda equina

• Movement - Highly flexible structure of

bones, intervertebral discs & ligaments

• Haemopoiesis – red marrow

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

How does the vertebrae protect the spinal cord?

A
  • Acts a conduit through which spinal cord passes
  • Allows spinal (segmental) nerves to leave or join the cord at specified points
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6
Q

Centre of gravity

  1. The weight of the body is projected into ?
  2. Vertebral bodies increase in size ? as ?
  3. Describe the sacral vertebrae:
A
  1. lower limbs about a line that

passes centrally through the natural

curvatures of the vertebral column

  1. inferiorly, compression forces increase
  2. fused, widened &

concave anteriorly to transmit weight of the body through pelvis to legs

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7
Q

What are the Movements of lumbar spine, draw the pictures

A
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8
Q

General characteristics:

A
  • Kidney shaped vertebral body
  • Vertebral arch posteriorly
  • Vertebral foramen: for spinal cord & meninges
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9
Q

Vertebral arch:

How many spinous processes does it give rise to? What are the spinous

A

Gives rise to 7 processes

  • x1 Spinous Process
  • x2 Transverse Process
  • x2 Superior Articular Process
  • X2 Inferior Articular Process
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10
Q

Vertebral body

  1. What is the vertebrae made up of?
  2. Major site of contact between ?
  3. End Plates - Articular surfaces

covered with ?

  1. Linked to adjacent vertebral bodies by ?
  2. Size increases from?
  3. Why 90% cancellous?
A
  1. Usually the largest part of the vertebra – 10% Cortical Bone
    90% Cancellous Bone
    • Usually the main weight bearing part of the vertebra - 80%
  2. adjacent vertebrae
  3. hyaline cartilage
  4. intervertebral discs
  5. superior to inferior
  6. Light weight allows haemopoeisis/ other functions
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Laminectomy:

A

removal of the spinous process & the laminar

Increase the space of the nerves themselves

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13
Q

Name all the vertebral processes?

A
  • 1 spinous process
  • 2 transverse

processes (left and

right)

• 2 superior articular

processes (facets)

interlock with the

vertebra above

• 2 inferior articular

processes (not shown) interlock with the vertebra below.

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14
Q
  1. ? connects

transverse process to

spinous process 2. ? connects

transverse process to

body

  1. Lamina + pedicle =
A
  1. Lamina
  2. Pedicle
  3. vertebral arch
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Superior and inferior articular processes…

  1. Are lined with ?
  2. ? are formed

between vertebral arches of adjacent vertebrae

  1. Spinal nerves emerge through ?
  2. Strengthened by ?
A
  1. cartilage
  2. Synovial joints
  3. intervertebral foramina
  4. Ligamentum

Flavum

17
Q
A
18
Q

Movement at facet joints

  1. Articulation of superior and inferior articular processes =
  2. What are the benefits of the Interlocking design?
  3. Orientation determines amount of ?
A
  1. facet joint (synovial)
  2. Prevents anterior displacement of vertebrae
  3. flexion & rotation permitted
19
Q
A
20
Q
A
21
Q

Lumbar facet joints

A
22
Q

Intervertebral discs

  1. Account for ? of the length of the vertebral column
  2. What is it made up of?
  3. Loose height with ?
  4. Slightly ? → secondary curvature of spine
  5. Consist of two regions:
A
  1. 25%
  2. 70% Water, 20% Collagen, 10% Proteglycans
  3. age
  4. wedge-shaped
  5. – nucleus pulposus (central)

– annulus fibrosus (peripheral)

23
Q
A
24
Q
A
25
Q

Annulus fibrosus

Highly complex design

  1. What is it made from?
  2. What does it surround?
  3. Function?
A
  1. lamellae of annular bands in varying orientations,

outer lamellae Type 1 collagen,

Inner lamellae are fibro-cartilaginous,

Avascular and aneural

  1. Surrounds nucleus pulposus
  2. Is the major ‘shock absorber’ • Highly resilient under

compression - stronger than the

vertebral body

26
Q

Nucleus pulposus

  1. Remnant of ?
  2. Made up of?
  3. High ?
  4. Changes in ? throughout day
  5. Changes in size with ?
  6. Surrounded entirely by ?
  7. Where is it located in the infant
  8. Located more ? in the adult
A
  1. notochord
  2. Gelatinous, Type 2 Collgen
  3. osmotic pressure
  4. size
  5. age
  6. annulus

fibrosus

  1. Centrally
  2. posteriorly
27
Q

Manual handling

Intervertebral discs are very strong in ‘?’

A

axial compression

28
Q
A
29
Q
A
30
Q

Ligaments of the vertebral column

  1. Function?
  2. Major ligaments:
A
  1. Provide stability
  2. anterior longitudinal and posterior longitudinal ligament (anterior and posterior to vertebral bodies)

• Anterior is stronger than posterior

31
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

  1. Where does it start & finish
  2. United with ? of vertebral bodies
  3. ? over intervertebral discs
  4. Prevents ?
A
  1. Anterior tubercle of atlas to sacrum
  2. periosteum
  3. Mobile
  4. hyperextension
32
Q
A
33
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

  1. Where does it start & finish?
  2. Continues superior to axis as ‘?’
  3. Is it strong or weak?
  4. Prevents ?
  5. Position dictates where disc prolapse
A
  1. Body of axis to sacral canal
  2. tectorial membrane
  3. Relatively weak
  4. hyperflexion

5.

34
Q

Ligamentum flavum

  1. Why is it Yellow in colour 2. What is it between?
  2. Stretched during ? of the spine
A
  1. elastic fibres
  2. Between laminae of adjacent vertebrae
  3. flexion
35
Q

Interspinous ligaments

  1. Relatively weak sheets of ?
  2. Unite ? along adjacent borders
  3. Well developed only in the ? region (stability in flexion)
  4. Fuse with ? ligaments
A
  1. fibrous tissue
  2. spinous processes
  3. lumbar
  4. supraspinous
36
Q

Supraspinous ligaments

  1. What is it attached to?
  2. What is it made of? Strong or weak?
  3. Lax in ?
  4. Tight in ?
A
  1. Tips of adjacent spinous processes
  2. Strong bands of white fibrous tissue
  3. extension
  4. flexion

(mechanical support for vertebral column)

37
Q

During flexion complete the forces in the diagram

A
38
Q

Sacrum & coccyx

  1. Sacrum consists of ? fused vertebrae
  2. Articulates with? (3)

!Learn the osteology yourselves!

A
  1. 5
  2. L5 superiorly ,

ilium laterally, & coccyx inferiorly

MSK (7 decks)

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