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ESA 2 - MoD > Session 7 - Cellular Adaptations > Flashcards

Session 7 - Cellular Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What is Paracrine signalling?

A

Cell secretes molecules that act on nearby cells

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2
Q

What is endocrine signalling?

A

Cells release molecules that travel in the bloodstream to a distant target cell

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3
Q

What is Intracrine signalling?

A

Molecules are made within the cell and act on receptors within the same cell

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4
Q

Describe Growth Factors

A
  • local mediators involved in cell proliferation
  • polypeptides that act on cell surface receptors
  • coded for by pronto-oncogenes
  • stimulate transcription of genes that determine whether the cell entered the cell cycle or not
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5
Q

Name some processes that growth factors have an influence on

A
  • cell proliferation + inhibition
  • locomotion
  • contractility
  • differentiation
  • angiogenesis
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6
Q

Give some examples of growth factors

A
  • Epidermal GF
  • Vascular endothelial GF
  • Platelet derived GF
  • Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
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7
Q

Where are the three checkpoints of the cell cycle?

A
  • End of G2
  • End of G1
  • R point
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8
Q

How is the R point passed in the cell cycle?

Hint: action of CDKs and Cyclin

A
  • Cyclin binds to CDK, and activates it
  • Complex can then phosphorylate RB protein
  • Then the R-point can be passed
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9
Q

Describe Labile tissue, their normal state in the cell cycle and give some examples.

A
  • Tissues that undergo rapid proliferation usually
  • Normally involved in active cell division G1->M->G1
  • E.g epithelial cells + Haematopoietic
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10
Q

Describe Stable cells, their normal state in the cell cycle and give some examples.

A
  • Cells that state of division can be varied
  • resting state is G0
  • E.g Hepatocytes, osteoblasts, fibroblasts
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11
Q

Describe Permanent cells, their normal state in the cell cycle and give some examples.

A
  • Unable to regenerate
  • G0
  • E.g Neurones, cardiac myocytes
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12
Q

Define Regeneration

A

Replacement of cell losses by identical cells to maintain tissue or organ size

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13
Q

Name some tissues that can regenerate well

A

Very well - Bone, Epithelia, Liver, smooth muscle
Well - Mesothelia

Melanocytes tend to over or under regenerate

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14
Q

Name some tissues that do not regenerate well

A

Poorly - Tendons, articular cartilage, striated muscle

Not at all - Adipocytes, CNS

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15
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

Increase is tissue or organ size due to an increasing NUMBER of cells

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16
Q

Name a physiological and pathological example of hyperplasia

A

Physio…- Proliferative endometrium + Bone marrow at altitude

Patho…- Thyroid Goitre

17
Q

Define Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of tissue or organ due an increasing SIZE of cells

18
Q

Name a physiological and pathological example of Hypertrophy

A

Physio…-Skeletal muscle+pregnant uterus (hyperplasia as well)

Patho…- Ventricular cardiac muscle + bladder smooth muscle

19
Q

What is compensatory Hypertrophy?

A

If we remove an organ which we have two of, the other will undergo Hypertrophy to compensate for the increasing workload

20
Q

Define Atrophy

A

Shrinkage of a tissue or organ due to an acquired decrease in size and/or number of cells

21
Q

Name a physiological and pathological example of Atrophy

A

Physio…- Ovarian atrophy in post-menopausal women

Patho…- Muscle atrophy due to Denervation + cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer’s

22
Q

Define Metaplasia

A

Reversible change of one DIFFERENTIATED cell type to another

23
Q

When is Metaplasia most common and what cell type changes into what?

A

In smokers

Pseudo stratified cilated epithelia become squamous to be more robust against the smoking toxins

24
Q

Define Reconstitution

A

Replacement of a lost part of the body

25
Q

Give an example of reconstitution in humans

A

Small blood vessels + In small children if a fingertip is cleanly cut off

26
Q

Define aplasia

A

Complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop

27
Q

Give an example of aplasia

A

Kidney may not develop embryonically

28
Q

Define involution

A

Normally programmed shrinkage of an organ

29
Q

Give an example of involution

A

Uterus after childbirth, thymus in early life

30
Q

Define Hypoplasia

A

Incomplete development of a tissue or organ

31
Q

Give an example of Hypoplasia

A

Testes in Kleinfelter’s syndrome, chambers of heart

32
Q

Define atresia

A

Abnormally closed or blocked orrifice or passageway

33
Q

Give an example of atresia

A

Ovarian, tricuspid valve, segments of the bowel

34
Q

Define Dysplasia

A

Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue

35
Q

What is Autocrine secretion?

A

Cell secretes molecules that act on its own cell surface receptors

ESA 2 - MoD (7 decks)

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