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Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology > Session 6 - Haematology In Systemic Disease And Intro To Endocrine System > Flashcards

Session 6 - Haematology In Systemic Disease And Intro To Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 common hematological abnormalities in patients with systemic diseases?

A

Red cells
White cells
Platelets
Clotting factors & fibrinogen

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2
Q

How do inflammatory conditions cause anaemia of chronic disease?

A

Chronic release of cytokines (IL-6) increases production of hepcidin by liver, decreasing iron absorption from gut and less release of iron from stores by decreasing ferroportin expression and promoting internalization of ferroportin molecules.

Inhibits erythropoietin production by kidneys

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3
Q

What is the difference between anaemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency?

A

In anaemia of chronic disease, there is a functional loss of iron as total iron stores may be normal but unavailable. Whereas iron deficiency is insufficient iron

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4
Q

What are 2 haematological effects of anaemia of chronic disease?

A

Microcytic anaemia

Reduced lifespan due to increased activity of macrophages due to chronic condition

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5
Q

What is the common cause of neutropenia?

A

Post viral infection

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6
Q

What is a common cause of neutrophilia?

A

Bacterial infection

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7
Q

What is a common cause of lymphocytosis?

A

Viral infection in children

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8
Q

What is a common cause of eosinophilia?

A

Parasitic infection

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9
Q

What are the 4 components of a control system?

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Control centre
Effector

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10
Q

What is the role of the receptor?

A

Detect stimuli

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11
Q

What are the 2 forms of communication in control systems?

A

Nervous system and endocrine system

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12
Q

What are the 3 functions of control centre?

A

Determine set point
Analyze afferent input
Determine response

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13
Q

What is the function of the effector?

A

Cause change

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14
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Output inhibits function of control centre, effector acts to oppose stimulus to give stability to control systems and allows set point to be controlled within fine limits

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15
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Stimulus produces response which increases its effect and causes rapid change

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16
Q

What is an example of biological rhythm?

A

Circadian rhythm

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17
Q

What is the definition of hormone?

A

Chemical signals produced in endocrine glands or tissues that travel in the bloodstream to cause an effect on other tissues

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18
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of communication via hormones?

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
Neurocrine

19
Q

What does autocrine mean?

A

Hormone signal acts back on cell of origin

20
Q

What does paracrine mean?

A

Hormone signal carried to adjacent cell over a short distance via interstitial fluid

21
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Hormone signal released into bloodstream and carried to distant target cells

22
Q

What does neurocrine mean?

A

Hormones originate in neurons and after transport down axon released into bloodstream and carried to distant target cells

23
Q

What are 4 classifications of hormones?

A

Peptide
Amino acid derivatives
Glycoproteins
Steroids

24
Q

What 3 kind of hormones are water soluble?

A

Peptide, glycoproteins, adrenal medulla hormones

25
Q

What are the 2 type of lipid soluble hormones?

A

Thyroid and steroids

26
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

Most bind to specific proteins to travel in blood

27
Q

How do hormones act upon target cells?

A

Bind to specific receptors on target cells

28
Q

How do water soluble hormones act on target cells?

A

Bind to cell surface receptors as they cannot cross plasma membrane, which causes phosphorylation of target proteins and causes cellular response

29
Q

What are the 2 types of cell surface receptors?

A

GPCR and tyrosine kinase

30
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones act upon target cells?

A

Diffuse across plasma membrane and bind to type 1 (cytoplasmic) receptor or type II (pre-bound receptor on DNA in nucleus), then binds to hormone response element in pro motor region of genes causes expression of new protein and cellular response

31
Q

What are 3 main factors that determine hormone levels in blood?

A

Rate of production
Rate of delivery
Rate of degradation

32
Q

Which organ controls appetite?

A

Arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus

33
Q

What are 2 types of primary neurone in the arcuate nucleus?

A

Stimulators neurone

Inhibitory neurone

34
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones in stimulatory neurone?

A

Neurone pride Y and Agouti-related peptide that promotes hunger

35
Q

What are the 2 hormones in inhibitory neurones?

A

Alpha MSH
Beta endorphin

Promote satiety

36
Q

How does the arcuate nucleus work?

A

Primary neurone synapse with secondary neurones in other regions of hypothalamus and the signals integrate to alter feeding behavior

37
Q

What are 2 hormones from the gut to the hypothalamus that affects appetite?

A

Gherkin

PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine)

38
Q

How does ghrelin work?

A

Peptide hormone released from stomach wall when empty, stimulates appetite bc it stimulates excitatory primary neurones

Fillling of stomach inhibits ghrelin release

39
Q

How does PYY work?

A

Released by ileum and colon in response to feeding, inhibits excitatory primary neurones and stimulates inhibitory neurones, suppresses appetite

40
Q

What are 3 hormones released from the body to hypothalamus to control appetite?

A

Lepton
Insulin
Amylin

41
Q

How does leptin work?

A

Peptide hormone released by adipocytes, stimulate inhibitory neurones and inhibits excitatory neurones, suppresses appetite

42
Q

How does insulin work?

A

Suppresses appetite like leptin

43
Q

How does amylin work?

A

Peptide hormone secreted by beta cells in pancreas, suppresses appetite

Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology (8 decks)

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