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My own Anatomy > Session 6-8 of cardiorespiratory system > Flashcards

Session 6-8 of cardiorespiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What structures does the neck contain?

A
  • Structures of the respiratory tract –> Pharynx, larynx, trachea
  • Structures of the gastrointestinal tract –> Esophagus (and pharynx)
  • Glands (parathyroid and thyroid)
  • Arteries and veins serving the neck, head and brain
  • Nerves serving the head and neck, upper limbs, thoaco-abdominal viscera (vagus nerves) and the diaphragm (phrenic nerves)
  • Groups of muscles which move the head and neck, move the larynx for speech and swallowing, muscles that form the floor of the mouth.
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2
Q

What is platysma

A

It is a very thin subcutaneous muscle deep to the skin of the neck.

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3
Q

Why are the cervical vertebrae more flexible than the thoracic vertebrae

A

The 7 cervical vertebrae are small and articulate with each other at facet joints. This allows a good range of flexion and extension of the cervical spine in comparison to the thoracic spine.

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4
Q

What is the function of the hyoid bone and where is it situated?

A
  • The hyoid bone is situated anteriorly in the upper neck, inferior to the mandible.
  • It keeps the pharynx open and provides an attachment point for several muscles in the neck and of the tongue.
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5
Q

What is the larynx and what is its function?

A

The larynx is composed of a ‘skeleton’ of small cartilage connected by membranes and small joints

  • It helps to protect the airway.
  • In addition, muscles attach to the laryngeal cartilages to move them and in turn the vocal chords for phonation (and thus speech)
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6
Q

What is the sternocleidomastoid attached to? And what is it innervated by?

A
  • The sternocleidomastoid is attached to sternum, clavicle and mastoid process. It can either act unilaterally or bilaterally (both left and right muscles act together)
  • It is innervated by the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI (11))
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7
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • The anterior midline of the neck
  • The anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
  • The inferior border of the mandible
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8
Q

What structures are contained within the anterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • Trachea and larynx
  • Thyroid, parathyroid and submandibular salivary gland
  • Suprahyoid muscles which connect the hyoid to the skull. They form the floor of the mouth and move the hyoid and the larynx to allow speech and swallowing.
  • Common carotid artery and its terminal branches (left and right common carotid artery)
  • Branches of the external carotid artery to the head and neck
  • Internal jugular vein
  • Branches of the facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X), accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves.
  • Ansa cervicalis (fibres from C1-C3 that innervate the infrathyoid muscle)
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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • Posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
  • Clavicle
  • Trapezius
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10
Q

What structures does the posterior triangle of the neck contain? (5-6)

A
  • Muscles moving the head (not required to know specifically
  • Part of the subclavian artery and vein
  • External jugular vein (draining the scalp and face)
  • Accessory nerve (CN XI)
  • Roots of the brachial plexus (spinal nerves supplying the upper limb)
  • Cervical plexus (fibres formed from C1-C4)
  • The phrenic nerve
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11
Q

How many pairs of suprahyoid muscles are there and what are they? What do they do?

A
  • There are 4 paired muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and form the floor of the mouth.
  • When they contract, they raise the hyoid bone and larynx during speech and swallowing.
  • They are the mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid and digastric (look at a picture)
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12
Q

How many pairs of infrahyoid muscles are there and what are they? What do they do?

A
  • There are 4 paired muscles which lie inferior to the hyoid bone, just lateral to the anterior midline of the neck.
  • When they contract, they draw the hyoid bone and larynx inferiorly during speech and swallowing
  • They are the sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid.
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13
Q

Describe the specific roles of the 4 pairs of infrahyoid muscles

A
  • Sternohyoid (superficial)–> Attach the hyoid bone to the sternum
  • Omohyoid (superficial)–> Attach the hyoid bone to the scapula
  • Sternothyroid (deep)–> Attach the sternum to the thyroid cartilage
  • Thyrohyoid (deep)–>Attach the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid.
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14
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located and what is its function?

A
  • It is located laterally to the upper trachea and lower larynx. It is located anterior to the trachea
  • It is separated into the left and right lobe, connected by the isthmus.
  • Its function is to produce hormones such as thyroxin which plays an important role in regulating metabolic processes
  • The pituitary gland regulates hormone secretion from the thyroid gland e.g. by producing thyroid stimulating hormone.
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15
Q

Where does the left and right superior and inferior thyroid arteries branch off from?

A
  • The left and right superior thyroid arteries branch off from the external carotid arteries
  • The left and right inferior thyroid arteries branch off from the thyrocervical trunk (a branch of the subclavian artery)
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16
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there and what is their function?

Where are they located?

What are they supplied by?

A
  • There are 4 glands The right and left superior and inferior glands.
  • They are located posterior to the thyroid gland
  • They produce parathyroid hormone responsible for calcium regulation
  • They are supplied by the inferior thyroid arteries.
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17
Q

What does the common carotid artery bifurcate into?

A
  • The internal carotid artery which does not give rise to any branches in the neck. Instead, it enters the cranium to supply the brain.
  • The external carotid artery gives rise to several branches supplying the head and neck, pharynx, scalp, thyroid gland, tongue and face.
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18
Q

Where and what is the carotid sinus?
What does the carotid sinus contain?
What nerve is involved?

A
  • It is the point of bifurcation into the left and right carotid arteries (where there is a small swelling)
  • It has baroreceptors which constantly monitor arterial blood pressure. This visceral sensory information is relayed back to the CNS via the glossopharyngeal nerve and results in reflex responses that regulate blood pressure.
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19
Q

How is the brachiocephalic vein formed?

What does the right and left brachiocephalic veins form when they unite?

A
  • The internal jugular vein (which drains venous blood from the brain and part of the face) unites with the subclavian vein (which returns blood from the upper limb) to form the brachiocephalic vein.
  • The right and left brachiocephalic veins unite to form the superior vena cava.
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20
Q

Where does the external jugular vein drain blood from? What vein does it drain into?

A

It drains blood from the scalp and face. It joins the subclavian vein.

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21
Q

What cranial nerve is the facial nerve and what does it supply?

A
  • It is cranial nerve (VII) 7 and it supplies. the platysma (which contributes to making facial expressions) in the neck with motor fibres.
  • parasympathetic innervation of the glands in the oral cavity
  • sensory innervation for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (for taste).
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22
Q

What cranial nerve is the vagus nerve and what does it innervate?

A
  • It is cranial nerve (X) 10 and it supplies the muscles of the pharynx (motor innervation) and of the larynx (sensory and motor innervation)
  • It is vital for speech and swallowing
  • It generally supplies motor parasympathetic fibres to all the organs (except adrenal glands) from the neck down to the second segment of the transverse colon
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23
Q

I hope you are doing well. Praying for you.

A

Aiming for that A!

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24
Q

Where does the vagus nerve run in the neck?

A
  • It runs between the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid artery (above the bifurcation of the CCA) and between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery (below bifurcation of the CCA)
  • The three structures run together in a fascial sleeve called the carotid sheath
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25
Q

What cranial nerve is the accessory nerve and what is its function?

A
  • It is cranial nerve (XI) 11. and it supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
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26
Q

What cranial nerve is the hypoglossal nerve and what is its function?

A
  • It is cranial nerve (XII) 12 and it supplies motor fibres to the muscles of the tongue.
  • It also innervates muscles which allow for speaking and swallowing
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27
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve lie in between?

A

It lies lateral to the internal carotid artery and deep to the external jugular vein.

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28
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply and where does it arise from?

A
  • It innervates the diaphragm
  • It is formed by C3, C4 and C5 nerve fibres. It descends through the neck to enter the thorax.
29
Q

What is the pharynx and what is it composed of?
Which systems is it a part of?
What is its function?
Where does it extend from?

A
  • The pharynx (essentially the throat) is a muscular tube which lies in the neck.
  • It extends from the base of the skull to the level of C6 where it becomes continuous with the oesophagus.
  • It takes air from the nose to the larynx
  • It is part of the respiratory and gastrointestinal system
  • It is composed of the nasopharynx (posterior to nasal cavity), oropharynx (posterior to oral cavity) and laryngopharynx (posterior to larynx)
30
Q

What muscles does the pharynx have and in what order does constriction happen?

A
  • It has an outer layer of circular muscle and an inner layer of longitudinal muscle.
  • The external layer is comprised of 3 constrictor muscle (superior, middle and inferior). It constricts from superior to inferior so that swallowed food is moved down the pharynx towards the oesophagus.
31
Q

What happens during swallowing?

Where is the epiglottis located?

A
  • Food in the oral cavity is pushed into the oropharynx by the tongue.
  • The soft palate rises to close of the nasopharynx.
  • Food then enters the laryngopharynx and constriction of the pharyngeal wall moves food into the oesophagus
  • The epiglottis, a cartilage, closes off the laryngeal inlet to prevent food or liquids from entering the larynx.
  • Muscles of the pharynx work to move swallowed food into the esophagus.

– The epiglottis is attached to the superior aspect of the thyroid cartilage (where two laminae meet) (google for picture if don’t understand)

32
Q

What nerves is the pharynx innervated by?

A
  • It is innervated by sensory fibres from the glossopharyngeal nerve and motor fibres from the vagus nerve.
33
Q

What nerves lie close to the posterior pharyngeal wall?

A
  • The cervical part of the sympathetic trunk and superior cervical ganglion
  • The superior laryngeal nerve which is a branch of the vagus nerve descending over the posterior aspect of the internal carotid artery. (the external laryngeal nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscles, the internal laryngeal nerve supplies the pharynx.)
  • The hypoglossal nerve that lies close to the vagus nerve
  • The glossopharyngeal nerve that lies deep to the internal carotid artery (from the posterior aspect).
34
Q

What is the function of the larynx and how many cartilages does it have? What are the unpaired and paired cartilages?

What is the function of the arytenoid cartilage? (IMPORTANT FOR SUMMATIVE)

A
  • The larynx is responsible for protecting the airway and for phonation/speech.
  • It has 9 cartilages. 3 paired and 3 unpaired.
    Unpaired cartilage: Cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage and epiglottis.
    Paired cartilage: arytenoids, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages. Cuneiform and corniculate cartilages are very small.

The arytenoid cartilages sit on the superior surface of the cricoid cartilage. They articulate (rotate on the cricoid cartilage to change vocal chords) with the cricoid cartilage at small joints. They are vital for phonation as the vocal chords attach to them.

35
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage composed of?

A
  • It is formed by two flat cartilages (laminae) that meet in the anterior midline to form the laryngeal prominence.
  • Posteriorly the laminae project extensions that project superiorly and inferiorly (superior and inferior horns)
  • Superior horns attach to the hyoid bone and the inferior horns articulate with cricoid cartilage.
36
Q

What is the purpose of the cricothyroid membrane?

A
  • It connects the inferior border of the thyroid and the superior border of the cricoid cartilage.
  • It is pierced to create an emergency airway. (can be done when vocal chords are swollen or there are foreign particles stuck within them)
37
Q

What are the two groups of muscles of the larynx?

A
  • Extrinsic muscles- the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles. Rather than moving individual cartilages, they move the larynx as one.
  • Intrinsic muscles which are small muscles that move the individual cartilages of the larynx relative to each other. (moving the cartilages moves the vocal chords, thus altering the quality of speech.)
38
Q

What nerves supply the sensory and taste of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and the posterior 1/3. And the motor of the tongue.

A
  • Sense (Anterior 2/3)- Trigeminal nerve
  • Taste (Anterior 2/3)- Facial nerve
  • Sense + taste (Posterior 1/3)- Glossopharyngeal
  • Motor - Hypoglossal
39
Q

What are tonsils?

A
  • They are a collection of lymphoid tissue in the upper parts of the pharynx (They are part of the body’s immune system and prevent germs from entering the body through the mouth or nose)
40
Q

What are the 4 tonsils and where are they located?

A
  • The pharyngeal tonsil lies in the roof of the nasopharynx
  • The tubal tonsil surrounds the opening of the auditory tube
  • The palatine tonsil lies next to the oropharynx
  • The lingual tonsil is a collection of lymphoid tissue on the posterior aspect of the tongue.
41
Q

What are the vestibular and vocal folds?

What are vocal ligaments attached to?

A
  • Vestibular folds are folds of mucous membrane that lie superior to the vocal folds.
  • A narrow space separates the vestibular and vocal folds
  • The vocal folds are folds of mucous membrane that cover and protect the vocal ligaments (together forming the true vocal chords/vocal folds)
  • The vocal ligaments are attached anteriorly to the internal aspect of the laryngeal prominence and posteriorly to the arytenoid cartilages.
42
Q

What are the folds of the true and false vocal chords called?

A
  • Vestibular folds (false vocal chords)
  • Vocal folds (true vocal chords)
43
Q

What is the space between the true vocal chords called?

A

The rimma glottidis

44
Q

What is the space between the true vocal cords called and what happens to it when the vocal cords adduct and abduct?

A
  • The rimma glottidis
  • Adduction of the true vocal cords closes the rima glottidis, while the abduction of the vocal chords opens it.
45
Q

What does phonation require?

A
  • It requires the adduction of the vocal chords, closing the rima glottidis.
46
Q

To what degree does the abduction of the vocal chords open the rima glottidis in whispering, normal breathing and forced breathing?

A
  • In whispering, it is opened to a small degree
  • In normal breathing, it is opened partially
    In forced breathing, it is open fully.
47
Q

What are the 3 main pairs of the instrinsic muscles of the larynx and what do they do?

A
  • They move the vocal cords
  • The cricothyroid muscle anteriorly (between thyroid and cricoid cartilages). It tips the thyroid cartilage anteriorly and inferiorly, placing tension on the vocal cords.
  • The posterior cricoarytenoids on the posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage, and are attached to arytenoids. They abduct the vocal folds opening the rima glottidis
  • The transverse arytenoids on the posterior aspect of the larynx which adduct the vocal folds, closing the rima glottidis.
48
Q

What does the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

A
  • The superior laryngeal nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle
  • The recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. (It also innervates the larynx below the vocal folds with sensory fibres)
49
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands? Which is the largest of the three?

A
  • Parotid salivaty gland (largest salivary gland)
  • Submandibular salivary gland
  • Sublingual salivary gland
50
Q

Tell me about the parotid gland (3)

A
  • It lies on the posterior part of the mandible.
  • Saliva empties into the mouth via the parotid duct, which opens adjacent to the upper second molar tooth
  • After the facial nerve exits the skull, it enters the deep surface of the parotid gland. Within the gland, the facial nerve divides into 5 branches which emerge to innervate the muscles of facial expression.
    (The parotid gland is closely associated with the external carotid artery and the facial nerve)
51
Q

What is secretion from the parotid gland stimulated by?

A
  • It is stimulated by parasympathetic fibres in the glossopharyngeal nerve
52
Q

Tell me about the submandibular glands (2)

A
  • Part of the gland lies within the mouth, and part of it lies outside.
  • The submandibular duct opens into the floor of the mouth, under the tongue.
53
Q

What is secretion of saliva from the submandibular glands stimulated by?

A

-It is stimulated by parasympathetic fibres from the facial nerve.

54
Q

Tell me about the sublingual glands

A
  • They are small and lie in the floor of the mouth.
  • They open via several small ducts into the floor of the mouth
55
Q

What is secretion from the sublingual glands stimulated by?

A
  • It is stimulated by parasympathetic fibres in the facial nerve.
56
Q

Explain the 4 possible paths of the preganglionic fibres in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Preganglionic neurons can leave the spinal nerve (which arises from the thoracolumbar T1-L2 vertebrae via ventral horn) to enter the sympathetic trunk (via white ramus communicans -myelinated) and can:
1) Synapse with a postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic trunk and leave the sympathetic trunk via the grey ramus communicans to continue along the spinal nerve
2) Can ascend or descend in the sympathetic trunk, synapsing at a different level before leaving through another spinal nerve via grey ramus communicans
3) Can synapse in the sympathetic trunk and postganglionic neuron leaves via its own nerve (splanchnic nerves)
4) Can leave the sympathetic trunk without synapsing and synapse at a peripheral ganglion

57
Q

What do somatic efferent nerves innervate?

What do autonomic efferent nerves innervate?

A

Somatic efferent - mainly skeletal muscles

Autonomic efferent- mainly smooth muscle

58
Q

What are the borders of the heart?

A

Right- Right atrium (right auricle)
Left- Left ventricle and some of left atrium
Inferior border- Left and right ventricle
Superior border- Left and right atria and great vessels

59
Q

What percent of people have their posterior interventricular artery branch from the right coronary artery, left coronary artery and both arteries?

What percent of people have their PIV branch from the right coronary artery?

A

Right coronary artery only - 70%
Left coronary artery only- 10%
From both right and left coronary arteries - 20%

70+20=90%

60
Q

What is the AV node supplied by?

A

The posterior interventricular artery

61
Q

What is the proportion of people that have their right/left coronary artery supplying the SAN?

A

Right- 60%

Left- 40%

62
Q

Where can you hear the aortic valve closing?

A

(S2) - 2nd intercostal space, right of the sternum

63
Q

Where can you hear the pulmonary valve closing?

A

(S2) 2nd intercostal space to the left of the sternum

64
Q

Where can you hear the tricuspid valve closing?

A

(S1) 5th intercostal space, to the left of the sternum

65
Q

Where can you hear the mitral valve closing?

A

(S1) 5th intercostal space, slightly to the left of the midclavicular line

66
Q

What are the auscultatory areas for each valve?

A

Aortic valve- 2nd intercostal space right of the sternum
Pulmonary valve- 2nd intercostal space just left of the sternum
Tricuspid valve- 5th intercostal space just to the left of the sternum
Mitral valve- 5th intercostal space on the left side of the midclavicular line.

67
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

A

It is located at the superior end of the crista terminalis in the right atrium

68
Q

Where is the Atrioventricular node located?

A

It is located at the inferior end of the atrial septum

My own Anatomy (6 decks)

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