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Reproductive System > Session 5 - Sex And Fertilisation > Flashcards

Session 5 - Sex And Fertilisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common site of fertilisation?

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

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2
Q

What are the phases of the human sexual response?

A

Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasm phase
Resolution phase (refractory period in men)

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3
Q

What are the stimulants for erection?

A

Psychogenic

Tactile (sensory afferent of penis and perineum)

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4
Q

Which nerves carry the efferent response in erection?

A 
Pelvic nerve (parasympathetic)
Pudendal nerve (somatic)
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5
Q

What must happen to the blood vessels of the corpus cavernosum on order for an erection to occur?

A 
Sinusoidal relaxation (push against tunica albuginea)
Arterial dilation (increase blood entering penis)
Venous compression (reduce blood leaving the penis)
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6
Q

Which nerves carry parasympathetic innervation to the penis?

A 
Pelvic nerve and pelvic plexus 
Cavernous nerve (to corpora and vasculature)
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7
Q

What is the role of NO in erection?

A

NO (released from parasympathetic nerves and endothelial cells) diffuses into vascular smooth muscle and causes relaxation (vasodilation).

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8
Q

What are some possible causes of erectile dysfunction?

A

Psychological (descending inhibition of spinal reflexes)
Tears in the fibrous tissue of the corpora cavernosa
Vascular problems (arterial and venous)
Drugs

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9
Q

What is emission?

A

Movement of sperm into the prostatic urethra.

Contraction of smooth muscle in prostate, vas deferens and seminal vesicles.

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10
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

Expulsion of semen

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11
Q

Are emission and ejaculation under sympathetic or parasympathetic control?

A

Sympathetic

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12
Q

During ejaculation, why does the bladder’s internal sphincter contract?

A

To stop retrograde ejaculation

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13
Q

How does the character of cervical mucus change over the course of the menstrual cycle?

A

At time of ovulation —> high oestrogen:
- mucus is thin, stretchy. Allows sperm to enter.
After ovulation —> high oestrogen and progesterone:
- mucus is thick, sticky, forms a plug. Limits access of sperm.

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14
Q

What is the site of sperm deposition?

A

Just outside the cervix

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15
Q

What is capacitation?

A

The further maturation of sperm that occurs in the female reproductive tract.

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16
Q

What happens to the sperm during capacitation?

A

Sperm cell membrane changes to allow fusion with oocyte.
Tail movement changes from beat-like to whip-like action.
Sperm is now capable of undergoing the acrosome reaction.

17
Q

How long are oocytes and spermatozoa viable for, and therefore how long is the fertile window?

A

Spermatozoa: 48-72 hours
Oocytes: 6-24 hours

Fertile period: sperm deposition up to 3 days prior to ovulation or on day of ovulation

18
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

Release of enzymes from the acrosome of the sperm which digest the zona pelucida, allowing the two gametes to then fuse.

19
Q

What is the function of the cortical reaction?

A

Blocks polyspermy (only allows one sperm to fertilise the oocyte)

20
Q

What happens following fusion of the oocyte and sperm membranes?

A

Resumption of meiosis II
Pronuclei move together
Mitotic spindle forms leading to cleavage
Divides to form morula

21
Q

What type of stem cells are found in the morula?

A

Totipotent stem cells

22
Q

What happens in in vitro fertilisation?

A

Oocytes are fertilised in vitro and allowed to divide to the 4 or 8 cell stage (morula stage).
The morula is then transferred into the uterus.

23
Q

What happens in Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis?

A

A single cell is taken from the morula and tested for serious hereditary conditions prior to transfer of the embryo into the mother.

24
Q

Differentiation of inner and outer cell masses of the morula produces what?

A

Blastocyst

25
Q

What happens in blastocyst hatching?

A

The blastocyst hatches from the zona pelucida.
This means it is no longer constrained and is free to enlarge.
The blastocyst can also now implant in the uterine wall.

26
Q

What happens in implantation?

A

The outer cell mass (trophoblast) interacts with the endometrium. The endometrium controls the degree of invasion.

27
Q

What is ectopic implantation?

A

Implantation of the blastocysts at sites other than the endometrium lined uterine cavity. Invasion at these sites is not controlled because there is no endometrium to control it.

28
Q

Implantation in the lower uterine segment can cause what?

A

Placenta praevia

29
Q

What is placenta praevia?

A

When the placenta is unusually low lying in the uterus, next to or covering the cervix.

Reproductive System (10 decks)

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