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Private Equity > Session 5-6 > Flashcards

Session 5-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is venture capital challenging from the entrepreneur side?

A

Getting funding is hard.

Diversity of investors and reaching out is not easy

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2
Q

Why is venture capital challenging from the Investor side?

A

Deal sourcing is hard, there are too many proposals. (1000+ a year)

Its a long and costly process to get their money back

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3
Q

What is the average survival rate of a VC?

A

10%

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4
Q

What % of VCs survive one year?

A

20% in the US & France

25% in Germany

30% in HK, UK and Switzerland

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5
Q

What are the main reasons why start ups fail?

A

38% ran out of money

35% Markets did not need them

20% gets outcompeted

18% had legal issues

( the reasons can be cumulative)

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6
Q

What is the FIRE stand for? (start up journey w investor)

A

Fit
Invest
Ride
Exit

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7
Q

What does the “Fit” mean on FIRE?

A

This means that the entrepreneur and the investor need to be a mutual fit.

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8
Q

What is done on the FIT stage of FIRE?

A

Search: Networking, info gathering and processing

Selection: Screening, signalling, due diligence

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9
Q

What does the “Invest” mean on FIRE?

A

The two parties agree on the investment structure

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10
Q

What is done on the INVEST stage of FIRE?

A

Term Sheet is drafted and signed

The terms depend on preference, the market and bargaining power.

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11
Q

What does the “Ride” mean on FIRE?

A

The two parties work together to improve the company.

Ride or die bitch

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12
Q

What is done on the RIDE stage of FIRE?

A

Learning: Build trust, learn about the market, pivot as needed

Governance: Address any disagreements, conflicts of interest

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13
Q

What does the “Exit” mean on FIRE?

A

Investors and entrepreneurs part ways as the venture is sold (or it completes its IPO)

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14
Q

What is done on the EXIT stage of FIRE?

A

Success: First funding to trade sale is 5.6 years, IPO 6.3 years

Failure: Dead, “zombie” with low valuation, somewhat alive

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15
Q

What does FUEL stand for? On how to select an investor.

A

Fundamental structure
Underlying Motivation
Expertise & Network
Logic & Style

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16
Q

What question does the “Fundamental structure” part of FUEL ask?

A

What is its organizational structure, resources (whose money)?

What is the investor’s governance structure, decision-making process?

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17
Q

What question does the “Underlying Motivation” part of FUEL ask?

A

What is its investment horizon, risk tolerance?

How does it value financial v non-financial (strategic, social) returns?

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18
Q

What question does the “Expertise & Network” part of FUEL ask?

A

What expertise, knowledge and skills does it have?

What networks can it draw on, how does it stand with its peers?

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19
Q

What question does the “Logic & Style” part of FUEL ask?

A

How does it pick startups (industry, location, stage, ticket size)?

How does it interact with investee startups?

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20
Q

What are the key player defining the business opportunities of the Venture matrix?

A

The customer (demand)

The Company (Supply)

Entrepreneur (Implement)

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21
Q

What are the metrics to evaluate opportunities of the Venture matrix?

A

The Value proposition (micro-Environment)

Industry (Macro-Environment)

Strategy (Capturing Value)

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22
Q

What should we ask from the key players when using Value proposition as an evaluation reference? (micro environment)

A

Customers => NEED – Know your customer

Company => SOLUTION – Know your product

Entrepreneur=>TEAM – Bet on the jockey, not the horse. (Experience and skills of team)

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23
Q

What should we ask from the key players when using Industry as an evaluation reference? (macro environment)

A

Customers => MARKET – Scale of the business opportunity

Company => COMPETITION – Know your competitors

Entrepreneur=> NETWORK – Access to information and critical resources

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24
Q

What should we ask from the key players when using Strategy as an evaluation reference? (capturing value)

A

Customers => SALES, – Customer acquisition to generate revenue

Company => PRODUCTION – Structuring the startup’s value chain

Entrepreneur=> ORGANIZATION – Operations and management

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25
Q

How do you calculate the ownership of the investor?

A

𝐹inv = 𝐼 / 𝑉post

𝐹inv = Fraction of ownership
𝐼 = Investment
𝑉post = Valuation Post money

26
Q

How do you calculate Valuation Pre investment?

A

𝑉pre = 𝑉post − 𝐼

𝐼 = Investment
𝑉post = Valuation Post money
𝑉pre = Valuation Pre money

27
Q

how do you calculate the price of the share?

A

𝑃 = 𝑉pre / 𝑆pre

P=Price of share
𝑉pre = Valuation Pre money
𝑆pre = # Share Pre money

28
Q

How do you calculate the number of shares issued ?

A

𝑆inv = 𝐼 / 𝑃

P=Price of share
𝐼 = Investment
𝑆inv = # Share issued for the investment

29
Q

How do you calculate the number of shares after the investment?

A

𝑆post = 𝑆pre + 𝑆inv

𝑆inv = # Share issued for the investment
𝑆pre = # Share Pre money
𝑆post = # Share Post money

30
Q

How do you calculate the exit value of an investor?

A

𝑋𝑖 = 𝐹𝑖(𝐸𝑋𝐼𝑇) * 𝑋

Xi = The exit value the investor i will take
F(i) = Fraction of ownership of the investor i at the time of exit
X = Exit value of the company

31
Q

Who conducts the start up valuation?

A

Both the Investor and the entrepreneur

32
Q

What is the conflict of interest when valuating companies between VCs and Owners?

A

VCs want to have lower post valuation so they can have low starting point when calculating the CCM and IRR. (More space to grow up)

The Owners want to have high Vpost meaning they sell less equity for more money

33
Q

What are the four factors that have an impact on the company’s Valuation?

A
  1. The business opportunity itself: the better the higher the valuation
  2. The market context: hot vs. cold market
  3. Deal competition: more competition, higher valuation
  4. Investor quality: better investor, higher valuation
34
Q

What are the different types of valuation?

A

Venture Capital Method

Discounted Cash Flow Method

Comparables Method

35
Q

How do you calculate the Venture capital method (VCM) for a single investment round?

A

𝑉post = 𝑋𝑒 / (1 + 𝜌)^𝑇

𝑋𝑒 = Expected exit value
ρ = hurdle rate
T = expected time-to-exit

36
Q

What is the typical Hurdle rate value

A

40-80%

37
Q

What are the components of the Hurdle rate?

A

+ Market risk premium (higher β for smaller, less diversified investors)

+ Illiquidity premium

+ Failure rate premium

+ Service premium for services (monitoring, mentoring, network)

38
Q

How do you what are steps of the Discounted Cash-Flow (DCF) method?

A
  1. estimate free cash flows for a time horizon, normally 2-4 years
  2. estimate a terminal value for the end of the time horizon, which assumes some constant FCF growth rate into perpetuity
  3. discount everything back with investor hurdle rate ρ, or a more standard discount rate d for all-equity startups
39
Q

How do you what are steps of the comparables method?

A
  1. find a set of comparable companies
  2. choose performance metrics to compare startup to set of comparables
  3. calculate valuation multiples based on performance metrics
40
Q

What is the limitations of the comparables method?

A

Uses little internal startup info, only to construct comparison set

41
Q

What kinds of comparables can one choose?

A

Investment comparables – compare similar deals done by investors

Exit comparables – compare similar firms that have already exited

42
Q

What are some important things to consider when choosing the comparable?

A

Similar companies, dont pick a multibillion company against a start up.

keep industry aligned.

43
Q

What are the different performance metrics you can choose?

A

EBITDA – Earnings

EBIT – net income

Cash flows

Sales / revenue

Operating metrics

44
Q

When do you use “EBITDA – Earnings” as a performance metric?

A

All the goddam time, its the most common metric (unless the start up is too small)

45
Q

When do you use “Cash flows” as a performance metric?

A

Whenever you have them, they are hard to get from competitors

46
Q

When do you use “Sales/Revenues” as a performance metric?

A

Useful for startups with negative or highly volatile earnings/cash flows

47
Q

When do you use “Operating metrics” as a performance metric?

A

Useful for pre-revenue startups

48
Q

What are some operating metrics performance metric if you have nothing?

A

Number of users, website visitors, patents, strategic partners

49
Q

How do you calculate the expected Exit value using the comparable method?

A

𝑋𝑒 = 𝑃𝑀𝑒 * 𝑀𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝

𝑋𝑒 = Expected Exit value
𝑃𝑀𝑒 = Expected exit Performance Metric
𝑀𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝 = Multiple of comparables

50
Q

Which is the most popular valuation model?

A

VCM is the most widely used

51
Q

When is the Discounted CashFlow (DCF) valuation used most?

A

widely used for later-stage startups

52
Q

Why is DCF not more popular?

A
  • Too much data required, too strong assumptions
  • Not set up for modelling startup uncertainty and staged investments
53
Q

What are the problems comparables valuation method faces?

A
  • But it relies almost entirely on external information
  • Exit comparables problematic because startups may not be comparable
  • Investment comparables use more immediate peers, but info hard to get
54
Q

What is an important assumption when making valuations regarding the equity obtained?

A

Its assumed its common equity.

If its preferred shares the valuation methods is completely different and more complicated.

55
Q

What are the main things covered on the Founders Agreement?

A
  • Ownership structure
  • Transfer of ownership
  • Salaries (typically low) and other forms of compensation
  • Rights and obligations towards founders (e.g. prior loan, transferring IP)
  • Contingencies under which some founders obtain stronger or weaker
    rights (e.g. vesting, personal milestones e.g. prototype, first customer)
  • Confidentiality
  • Decision-making and dispute resolution
  • Representations and warranties
  • Choice of law
56
Q

How does the CONVERTIBLE preferred shares work?

A

You purchase preferred shares at a certain value. These have preferred terms, meaning that you will receive all the cashflows until a certain threshold.

When you meet it you do not gain any more cash beyond the PT.

However, if the common shares become more valuable than your preferred shares you just convert them and start gaining the cashflows based on your % of ownership. (Finv)

57
Q
A
58
Q

How do you find the Preferred terms in Convertible preferred shares?

A

Simple dividends: PT=I+Div=I+IDT
Compounded dividends: PT=I+Div=I+ID^T
If multiple liquidation preference (M):
PT=MI + Div

59
Q

How do you find the Conversion Threshold?

A

CT=PT/(inv. Ownership)

60
Q

What are the CFs to the investor in convertible preferred shares?

A

If X<PT: X
If PT<X<CT: PT
If X>CT: ownership inv * X

61
Q

What are the cashflows to the investor in participating preferred shares?

A

CF=PT+(X-PT)*ownership inv

62
Q

What happens if participating preferred shares have a cap?

A

Once X>Cap then investors doesn’t get PT, just ownership fraction * exit val (X)

Private Equity (6 decks)

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