Session 5 Flashcards
reasoning is a relativley overt, verbal way of using information to reach conclusions.
Inference
All reasoning moves from _____ to _______
Premises to conclusions
____ state initial assumptions and information; the conclusion is what is being established.
Premises
Together, ____ and _____ constitue an argument
Premises and conclusions
____ is the formal study of reasoning, with related methods and prescriptions.
Logic
Reasoning is closely associated with the notion of ____
Rationality
To be _____ is to have good reasons for one’s beliefs and actions
rational
______, closely associated with logic draws out the logical implications of a set of premises.
deduction
Deductive reasoning operates within a _______
“Closed world” and is purely formal
Deductive arguments can be expressed entirely of_____
symbols
Deduction is the only form of reasoning that carries a ______
truth guarentee
Validity has to do with _______
whether the rules of deduction have been followed
A valid deductive argument can have a _____
false conclusion
An invalid deductive argument can have a _______
true conclusion
Arguments that use true premises and valid reasoning to reach conclusions are ______
Sound
A _____ is a statement that can either be true or false
Proposition
Denoted by &;, “A&B” is true if only A and B are true
Conjunction
The “or” connective, denoted by “v”, “A v B” is true if and only if either A or B or both are true
Disjunction
The “not” qualifier. denoted by “-“ “-A” is true if and only if A is false
Negation
“A & -A”. Are always false since they encompass statements that are inconsistent , they both can not be true
Contradiction
“A v -A” are always true, hence uninformative
Tautology
Example of tautology
That bachelor over there is not married
