Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Han's Pharmacology > Session 4 > Flashcards

Session 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sex hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do oestrogens work?

A

Dissociate from sex-hormone binding globulin in the plasma, diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to specific nuclear receptor proteins. This then activates nuclear chromatin to initiate hormone-specific RNA synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

A

Inhibits secretion of FSH, hence suppresses development of the ovarian follicle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A

Inhibits secretion of LH, hence prevents ovulation. Also makes cervical mucus less suitable to the passage of sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum?

A
  • Continues preparation of endometrium for a pregnancy
  • Inhibits contraction of the uterus
  • Inhibits development of a new follicle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens as the progesterone levels drop?

A

Corpus luteum degenerages, endometrium breaks down, removes the inhibition preventing contraction of the uterus and starts the bleeding and cramps of menstruation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How long do you take monophasic combination pills for?

A

21-24 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How long do you take triphasic combination pills for?

A

21-24 days, followed by 4-7 days of a placebo drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give some adverse affects of the combined oral contraceptive pill.

A

DVT, MI, increased BP, gall stones, headaches, mood swings, increased risk of stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of the progesterone only pill?

A

Causes cervical mucus to thicken.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When are POPs recommended?

A

Risk factors for venous thromboemboli, smokers, hypertensive, breast-feeding patients, smokers etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of emergency contraception?

A

1) Up to 72 hours post-coitus = levonelle.

2) Up to 120 hours post-coitus = Ullipristal acetate, which is a selective progesterone receptor modulator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give three actions of oestrogen

A
  • Anabolic
  • Increases sodium and water retention
  • Raises HDL and lowers LDL
  • Decreases bone reabsorption
  • Impairs glucose tolerance
  • Increases blood coagulability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give three side-effects of oestrogen

A
  • Breast tenderness
  • Nausea, vomiting
  • Water retention and weight gain
  • Thromboembolism risk
  • Risk of breast and endometrial cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give three actions of progesterone

A
  • Secretory endometrium
  • Anabolic
  • Increases bone mineral density
  • Fluid retention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give three side effects of progesterone

A
  • Weight gain
  • Fluid retention
  • Acne
  • Nausea, vomiting
  • Irritability
  • Depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give three side effects of testosterone

A
  • Induce male secondary sex characteristics
  • Acne
  • Voice changes
  • Increased aggression
18
Q

How are sex steroids transported?

A

Whilst bound to sex-hormone binding globulin and albumin. (SHBG production is up-regulated by oestrogen).

19
Q

Which sex steroids bind to which receptors?

A
  • Oestrogen = ER-alpha and ER-beta
  • Progesterone = PR-alpha and PR-beta
  • Androgens = AR-1 and AR-2
20
Q

When is the typical age of menopause?

A

49-52

21
Q

What is premenopause?

A

The years leading up to the last period, when the levels are reproductive hormones are becoming more variable and lower.

22
Q

What is perimenopause?

A

The menopause transition years, before and after the date of the final episode of flow. Can last for 4-8 years. Oestrogen levels are around 20-30% higher than during premenopause.

23
Q

Give an indication for hormone replacement therapy.

A

-Post-menopausal women with symptoms such as vasomotor instability and vaginal atrophy.

24
Q

Give three risks of hormone replacement therapy.

A

1) Increased risk of endometrial/ovarian cancer
2) Increased risk of stroke
3) Increased risk of DVT

25
Q

Give two examples of selective oestrogen receptor modulators .

A

Tamoxifen
Toremifene
Clomiphene
Raloxifene

26
Q

What are SERMS?

A

Agonists or antagonists of oestrogen receptors.

27
Q

How does clomiphene work?

A

It is a partial oestrogen agonist and interferes with oestrogen negative feedback on the hypothalamus. This therefore increases secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, therefore stimulation of ovulation.

28
Q

What are anti-progestins used for?

A

Medical termination of pregnancy and induction of labour.

29
Q

What are anti-androgens used for?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.

30
Q

How does atherosclerosis form?

A

Calcium deposits between the muscular wall and the outer portion of the atheromatous plaques. This interferes with calcium deposition, it accumulates and crystallizes.

Cholesterol delivered into the vessel wall.

Foam cells and platelets encourage proliferation of smooth muscle cells, when then ingest lipids, replaced by collagen and become foam cells themselves.

A fibrous cap forms between fatty deposits and the artery lining (atheromas).

These atheromas produce enzymes causing the artery to enlarge over time.

31
Q

How do statins reduce LDL cholesterol?

A

Competitively inhibit HMG-CoA reductase. They cause a lowering of intracellular cholesterol, causing the cell to increase its level of LDL receptors and remove cholesterol from the blood plasma.

32
Q

Give 2 ADRs of statins.

A
  • Increased liver enzymes
  • Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis
  • Increased effects of warfarin
  • GI complaints
33
Q

Give 2 benefits of statins.

A
  • Plaque stabilisation
  • Improved coronary endothelial function
  • Inhibition of platelet thrombus formation
  • Anti-inflammatory action
34
Q

How do Cholesterol lipase inhibitors reduce LDL cholesterol?

A

E.g. Ezetimibe. Selectively inhibit absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol in the small intestine, hence decreased transport of intestinal cholesterol to the liver. This increases cholesterol clearance from the blood.

35
Q

How does Nicotinic acid reduce LDL cholesterol?

A

Also increases HDL-C. Strongly inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue, hence reduced production of free fatty acids, and reduced TAG synthesis.

36
Q

Give 2 ADRs of nicotinic acid.

A
  • Cutaneous flush and pruritis
  • Nausea and abd. pain
  • Hyperuricaemia and gout
  • Impaired glucose tolerance
37
Q

How do fibrates reduce LDL cholesterol?

A

e.g. fenofibrate. They are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists. They decrease TAG concentration by increasing expression of lipoprotein lipase, and used to treat hypertriglyceridaemias.

38
Q

How do Resins reduce LDL cholesterol?

A

Bind to negatively charged bile acids and bile salts in the small intestine. This complex is then excreted, lowering the bile acid concentration. Hepatocytes then convert cholesterol to bile acids. Hence increasing hepatic uptake of cholesterol containing LDL particles.

39
Q

What is combination therapy in terms of reducing LDL cholesterol?

A

Usually involves a statin plus either a fibrate, nicotinic acid, ezetimide or omega03 fatty acid.

40
Q

How do omega-3 FAs lower LDL cholesterol?

A

Inhibit VLDL and TAG synthesis in the liver.

Han's Pharmacology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions