Session 3: Neck and Face Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the neck?

A

Structural – support and move the head
Visceral functions
Conduit for blood vessels and nerves

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2
Q

How are the components of these functions divided structurally in the neck?

A

Structural – inside prevertebral fascia
Visceral – inside or associated with pretracheal fascia
Blood vessels and nerves – carotid sheaths

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3
Q

What are the two large muscles that are found on the anterior and posterior sides of the neck?

A

Anterior – sternocleidomastoid

Posterior – trapezius

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4
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

A

Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve

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5
Q

What are the contents of the visceral fascia?

A

Oesophagus
Trachea
Thyroid Gland

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6
Q

What is the name given to the fascia between the posterior aspect of the oesophagus and the anterior part of the prevertebral fascia?

A

Buccopharyngeal fascia

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7
Q

Which fascia splits in two around the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?

A

Investing layer

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8
Q

What important structures are at each of the following levels:

a. C2
b. C3
c. C4
d. C6
e. C7

A
a. C2
Superior cervical ganglion
b. C3
Body of hyoid
c. C4
Birfurcation of common carotid  
Upper border of thyroid cartilage
d. C6
Cricoid cartilage 
Middle cervical ganglion
e.C7
Inferior cervical ganglion
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9
Q

What are the two triangles of the neck? State their borders.

A

Anterior triangle – mandible, anterior border of sternocleidomastoid and midline
Posterior triangle – posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, anterior border of trapezius and clavicle

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10
Q

What are the main muscles in the anterior triangle and which nerves innervate them?
What are the four infrahyoid muscles and where are they attached?

A

Platysma – facial
Mylohyoid – mandibular division of trigeminal
Digastric muscle – anterior belly (mandibular division of trigeminal) + posterior belly (facial)
Infrahyoid muscles (strap muscles)
Omohyoid – superior border of scapula near scapular notch –> hyoid
Sternohyoid – sternum –> hyoid
Sternothyroid – sternum –> thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid – thyroid cartilage –> hyoid

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11
Q

Which nerves innervate each of the four infrahyoid muscles?

A

Omohyoid – ansa cervicalis
Sternohyoid – ansa cervicalis
Sternothyroid – ansa cervicalis
THYROHYOID – C1 fibres via the hypoglossal nerve

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12
Q

The posterior triangle consists mainly of blood vessels and nerves. Which blood vessels and nerves are in the posterior triangle?

A
External jugular vein  
Subclavian artery 
Trunks of brachial plexus  
Phrenic nerve  
Spinal accessory nerve
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13
Q

Which other smaller nerves are found in this area?

A

Lesser occipital nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Transverse cervical nerve
Supraclavicular nerves

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14
Q

Where do the trunks of the brachial plexus emerge?

A

Posterior to scalenus anterior

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15
Q

Where are the subclavian artery and vein relative to the scalene muscles?

A

Subclavian artery = posterior to scalenus anterior

Subclavian vein = anterior to scalenus anterior

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16
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve relative to the scalene muscles?

A

Phrenic nerve lies on the anterior surface of scalene anterior

17
Q

Which spinal nerves contribute to the superior, middle and inferior trunks of the brachial plexus?

A
Superior = C5 + C6 
Middle = C7 
Inferior = C8 + T1
18
Q

Which spinal nerves contribute to the phrenic nerve and what isits main function?

A

C3, C4 and C5
Motor supply of the diaphragm
Sensory innervation to the diaphragmatic pleura and peritoneum

19
Q

What is platysma innervated by?

A

Facial nerve (cervical branch)

20
Q

What is mylohyoid innervated by?

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

21
Q

What are the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle innervated by?

A

Anterior – mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

Posterior – facial nerve

22
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles innervated by?

A

Ansa cervicalis = omohyoid + sternothyroid + sternohyoid C1 fibres via hypoglossal nerve = thyrohyoid

23
Q

What are the clinical applications of a carotid pulse?

A

Measuring pulse rate

24
Q

List the main sites of access for central venous lines.

A

Internal jugular (most common)
Subclavian vein
Femoral vein

25
Q

What are the uses of central venous lines?

A

Long-term access e.g. for chemotherapy drugs
Administering drugs that can cause phlebitis
Parenteral nutrition
Monitoring blood pressure

26
Q

What are the complications of insertion of central venous lines?

A
Accidental arterial puncture  
Tracheal injury 
Arrhythmia 
Emboli 
Infection  
Pneumothorax or haemothorax
27
Q

Where does the accessory nerve exit the skull?

A

The accessory nerve begins in the upper spinal cord and ascends to enter the skull through the foramen magnum
The accessory nerve then leaves via the jugular foramen

28
Q

What does the accessory nerve innervate?

A

Trapezius

Sternocleidomastoid

29
Q

How would you test the function of the accessory nerve?

A

Ask the patient to shrug their shoulders and hold it there